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You can search the entire site. or go to the recent opinions, or the chronological or subject indices. Yvette M. Wilkins v Paul D. Wilkins (3/29/2019) sp-7348
Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER .
Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
corrections@akcourts.us.
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
YVETTE M. WILKINS, )
) Supreme Court No. S-16618
Appellant, )
) Superior Court No. 3AN-15-08094 CI
v. )
) O P I N I O N
PAUL D. WILKINS, )
) No. 7348 - March 29, 2019
Appellee. )
)
Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
Judicial District, Anchorage, William F. Morse, Judge.
Appearances: Kenneth P. Jacobus, Kenneth P. Jacobus, P.C.,
Anchorage, for Appellant. Michael Gershel, Law Office of
Michael Gershel, Anchorage, for Appellee.
Before: Bolger, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen,
and Carney, Justices.
WINFREE, Justice.
CARNEY, Justice, dissenting.
I. INTRODUCTION
A wife with serious medical conditions filed for divorce, but during trial the
parties agreed to a legal separation to ensure the wife's continued access to her husband's
employer-sponsored health insurance. The separation agreement's primary focus was
delaying the divorce for 4 years, until the wife reached age 62 and became eligible for
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36 months of post-divorce continuing health insurance coverage through the husband's
employer-sponsored health insurance. The superior court divided the marital estate and
ordered the husband to pay spousal support for 3 years and to pay for the wife's health
insurance coverage after the expected later divorce. The wife appeals, arguing that the
court erred by failing to value the husband's post-retirement medical benefits, declining
to consider her agreement to legally separate as a factor in her favor when dividing the
marital estate, wrongfully conflating spousal support with its property award, and
unfairly allocating the overall property division. We reverse the court's ruling that it did
not need to value the husband's retirement health benefits and remand for its valuation
and a renewed equitable property distribution consistent with this opinion.
II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Yvette and Paul Wilkins married in 1980. Yvette's serious medical
conditions leave her unable to work and require her to take expensive medications. She
receives a disability annuity and has a federal thrift savings plan. Paul works for the
State of Alaska; his employer-sponsored health insurance covers a significant portion of
Yvette's medical expenses. Paul's other employment benefits include retirement
healthcare, deferred compensation through the Public Employees' Retirement System
(PERS), and a supplemental annuity (SBS). Paul also receives military retirement and
Veteran's Affairs disability benefits.
Yvette filed for divorce in 2015; she later amended her complaint to convert
1
Both Paul and Yvette believed that a legal
the proceeding into a legal separation.
separation postponing divorce for 7 years would allow Yvette, who was 58, to continue
receiving health insurance through Paul's employer until becoming Medicare-eligible
1 A court may grant legal separation upon finding that the parties are
incompatible and that preserving the marriage protects significant legal, financial, social,
or religious interests. AS 25.24.410.
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at 65. Paul, who was 57, opposed the proposed lengthy legal separation, and the divorce
trial began.
At trial Yvette presented expert testimony regarding valuation of Paul's
post-retirement health insurance benefits. Basing his valuation estimates on medical-
costs trends discounted to present value, the expert provided a range of values
corresponding to Paul's normal, probable, and expected retirement ages.
During trial the court observed that legally separating could delay divorce
by only 4 years rather than 7 as the parties had assumed. Because Yvette was eligible
2
for 36 months of post-divorce health insurance coverage under federal law, a separation
need only remain in effect for the next 4 years until she turned 62. She then could obtain
COBRA coverage until becoming eligible for Medicare at 65. Paul agreed to this shorter
legal separation and to not file for divorce until Yvette turned 62. He also agreed to pay
for Yvette's COBRA coverage.
The court later issued a "Decree of Legal Separation," directing that its
property division order "constitutes a final division of the marital estate." In that
property division order the court stated that Yvette's medical needs "make it nearly
impossible simply to divide the marital estate (even unequally) and give the parties
financial independence." The court identified its "primary and essential goal" as
ensuring that "Yvette has adequate medical coverage" and stated that legal separation
would provide the parties "equal health care coverage," which "eliminates the need to
place an artificial value on the employer's contribution to Paul's healthcare coverage
during his retirement."
2 See Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA),
29 U.S.C. §§ 1161-1169 (2012).
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The court awarded Yvette 50% of the marital share of Paul's military
retirement benefits by qualified military retirement order, and, by qualified domestic
relations orders, 55% of the marital share of his PERS and roughly 20% of the marital
share of his SBS accounts. Yvette retained the marital home, as she had requested; she
was required to refinance in her name and release Paul from the mortgage obligation.
The court awarded Paul the remaining value of his military benefits, PERS, and SBS
accounts. The court also distributed a variety of other assets and liabilities, including
ordering Paul to pay the parties' remaining debts. Finally the court ordered Paul to pay
spousal support for 36 months and to pay for Yvette's post-divorce COBRA coverage.
Yvette moved for reconsideration, arguing that the court erred by failing
to value Paul's post-retirement health benefits and by placing greater weight on her
insurance costs than on other factors. She also requested a more equitable property
division. The court denied the motion. Yvette appeals.
III. DISCUSSION
There are three basic steps in equitably dividing marital assets:
"(1) deciding what specific property is available for distribution, (2) finding the value of
3 Yvette argues that the superior
the property, and (3) dividing the property equitably."
court erred by not valuing Paul's post-retirement health insurance benefits.4 She requests
the court be directed to value them and consequently redistribute the marital estate. We
agree and remand for the court to do so.5
3 Beals v. Beals , 303 P.3d 453, 458 (Alaska 2013).
4 See Hansen v. Hansen, 119 P.3d 1005, 1015 (Alaska 2005) (holding that
health insurance benefits earned during marriage are marital assets).
5 See Grove v. Grove, 400 P.3d 109, 112 (Alaska 2017) ("A court's decision
whether to value personal property . . . is a legal question that we review de novo."
(continued...)
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In Grove v. Grove we reversed the superior court's order requiring the
husband to pay his wife's post-divorce health insurance premiums as an alternative to
6
We held that this
distributing the value of his post-retirement health benefits.
alternative distribution "[did] not qualify as a valuation . . . and [could] not substitute for
an appropriate equitable distribution of the marital estate." 7 Despite noting the difficulty
in valuing post-retirement benefits, we nonetheless instructed the superior court on
remand to rely on expert testimony and value the benefits consistent with Alaska law.8
The superior court in this case, in exchange for "freeing Paul from the
house obligation after a reasonable period," ordered Paul to pay spousal support and
Yvette's COBRA costs. The court stated that this exchange "eliminates the need to place
an artificial value on the employer's contribution to Paul's healthcare coverage during
his retirement. That value simply cannot be captured or transferred to Yvette in any
other meaningful way." But this "equalization payment" cannot qualify as a valuation.9
As we stated in Grove, absent findings about the value of marital property, we have "no
'means of evaluating whether an equitable distribution has been achieved'; not making
such findings 'constitutes reversible error.' "10
When in Hansen v. Hansen we first identified post-retirement health
benefits as a potential marital asset subject to valuation and division, we stated, without
5 (...continued)
(citing Mellard v. Mellard , 168 P.3d 483, 486 (Alaska 2007))).
6 Id. at 116.
7 Id. at 114.
8 Id. at 115.
9 See id. at 114.
10 Id . (quoting Cox v. Cox, 882 P.2d 909, 918 (Alaska 1994)).
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any analysis or discussion, that when valuing this asset the superior court "should look"
to the employer's premium subsidy rather than to "either the proceeds or the cost of
11
procuring comparable insurance." We recently reiterated that Hansen is the controlling
law on valuing post-retirement health benefits, stating that we had not been asked to
12
overrule it. But we note two things: First, we have approved variations of the premium
13 and second, other courts have permitted valuation methods we
subsidy approach;
summarily discounted without discussion in Hansen :
First, "a trial court might value health insurance benefits by
considering the cost of obtaining comparable alternative
benefits." Second, the court could "discount[] to present
value all the premiums an employer had agreed to pay on
behalf of a party" over the party's future life expectancy.
Third, the trial court could "discount[] to present value the
expected costs of the medical services a health insurance plan
[14]
would cover" during the party's expected lifetime.
11 119 P.3d 1005, 1016 (Alaska 2005) (citing BRETT R. TURNER , EQUITABLE
DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY § 6.26 (2d ed. Supp. 2004)).
12 Grove, 400 P.3d at 114. See also Gordon v. Gordon, 425 P.3d 142, 148
(Alaska 2018) (citing Hansen for the proposition that courts should value retirement
medical benefits based on employer-provided premiums); Ethelbah v. Walker , 225 P.3d
1082, 1089 (Alaska 2009) (noting that Hansen requires courts to value retirement health
insurance benefits based on employer premium subsidies).
13
See Engstrom v. Engstrom, 350 P.3d 766, 771-72 (Alaska 2015) (using an
"individual rate," which is "the amount the employee would pay if she were required to
pay her own premiums to insure only herself"); Ethelbah, 225 P.3d at 1090 (calculating
values using individual, rather than composite, rate).
14 2 BRETT R. TURNER , EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY § 6.90 (3d ed.
2017) (quoting Bingley v. Bingley , 935 N.E.2d 152, 157-58 (Ind. 2010)); see also Paul
v. Paul , 648 So. 2d 1211, 1213 (Fla. Dist. App. 1995) (remanding for benefits' valuation
using cost of comparable policy if husband had procured it for himself on private
(continued...)
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We now recognize that our one-size-fits-all premium subsidy approach to
post-retirement health insurance benefits may not have been correct, and we leave it to
the superior court in the first instance to exercise its gate-keeping function with respect
to expert witness approaches to valuing these assets.
It was error not to value Paul's post-retirement health insurance benefits.
We remand for the court to provide a value, and, because this value likely will affect the
marital estate's overall value, the court may, in its discretion, need to reconsider its
distribution of the marital estate. We therefore decline to address Yvette's arguments
that the superior court: abused its discretion by emphasizing her medical needs over her
purported consideration for agreeing to legally separate; improperly tied its spousal
support and property division awards together; and made an overall manifestly unjust
property award. These issues may be addressed on remand.
IV. CONCLUSION
We REVERSE the superior court's ruling that it did not need to value
Paul's retirement health insurance benefits and REMAND for valuation and equitable
division consistent with this opinion.
14 (...continued)
insurance market).
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CARNEY, Justice, dissenting.
Because I find that unique facts - most significantly the parties' agreement
to a legal separation in lieu of a divorce - distinguish this case from any other in which
we have reviewed the financial impact of a marriage's end, I respectfully dissent from
the court's decision to reverse and remand the superior court's treatment of medical
benefits.
As the court acknowledges, the superior court adopted the parties' shared
goal of ensuring that "Yvette has adequate medical coverage" for her serious medical
1
needs. The superior court not only recognized that the impetus for the divorce trial itself
was the parties' disagreement over how to best achieve that goal, it offered its own
alternative, which the parties accepted when they agreed to a four-year legal separation
2
instead of a decree of divorce.
The mechanism by which this legal separation would accomplish the goal
of providing Yvette with adequate medical coverage is detailed in the court's Order.
Paul specifically agreed to the period of separation so that Yvette could continue to be
covered under his health insurance until she turned 62. He also agreed that for three
years, until she turned 65 and thereby became eligible for Medicare and no longer
required coverage under his insurance, he would continue paying for her to have
COBRA coverage.
The parties' separation agreement thus specifically required their ongoing
"financial entanglement" until Yvette turned 65. This specific agreement renders their
1 Opinion at 3.
2 Opinion at 2-3.
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3
agreement unlike the arrangement we disapproved in Grove v. Grove. In that case we
agreed with the husband, who objected that he should not be required to remain
financially entangled with his former wife.4
Based upon the unique nature and the limited duration of the specific
agreement that the parties reached to achieve the shared goal of maintaining adequate
medical insurance for Yvette's significant health needs, I would affirm the superior
court's order implementing their agreement.
3 400 P.3d 109 (Alaska 2017).
4 Id. at 115.
-9- 7348
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