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You can search the entire site. or go to the recent opinions, or the chronological or subject indices. L.D.G., Inc. v. Robinson (12/14/2012) sp-6734
Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER .
Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
L.D.G., INC. and ESTATE OF )
LARRY GJOVIG, )
) Supreme Court No. S-14427
Appellants, )
) Superior Court No. 3AN-10-12149 CI
v. )
) O P I N I O N
ARTHUR S. ROBINSON, )
) No. 6734 - December 14, 2012
Appellee. )
)
Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
Judicial District, Anchorage, Eric A. Aarseth, Judge.
Appearances: Mark A. Sandberg, Law Office of Mark A.
Sandberg, and Peter A. Sandberg, Wuestenfeld & Corey,
LLC, Anchorage, for Appellants. Laura L. Farley, Farley &
Graves, P.C., Anchorage, for Appellee.
Before: Carpeneti, Chief Justice, Fabe, Winfree, and
Stowers, Justices.
WINFREE, Justice.
I. INTRODUCTION
A bar served a man alcohol while he was visibly intoxicated, and the man
murdered a woman later in the evening. The lawyer representing the bar in the
subsequent dram shop action did not attempt to add the murderer as a party for
apportionment of fault. Following entry of a large judgment against the bar, the bar
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brought a legal malpractice suit against its attorney. The attorney moved to dismiss for
failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, arguing that where case law
is unsettled, as a matter of law an attorney cannot be held liable for an error in judgment.
The superior court granted the motion and the bar appeals. Because the existence of
unsettled law does not excuse an attorney from fulfilling a duty of care, we reverse and
remand for further proceedings.
II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
A. Facts
Larry Gjovig was the sole shareholder of L.D.G., Inc., a corporation which
owned and operated a bar. One night in 1998 the bar served R.V. Freeman alcohol; later
that night Freeman shot and killed Tracy Eason.1 Freeman subsequently was convicted
of first-degree murder.2
In 2000 the personal representative of Eason's estate filed a wrongful death
suit against L.D.G. and Gjovig (collectively L.D.G.), alleging L.D.G. violated Alaska's
dram shop act when it served alcoholic beverages to Freeman while visibly intoxicated,
proximately causing Eason's death.3 The estate did not sue Freeman.4
L.D.G. retained Arthur S. Robinson to defend the suit. Robinson did not
seek to join Freeman to the action or assert a third-party claim against him for allocation
1 L.D.G., Inc. v. Brown , 211 P.3d 1110, 1115 (Alaska 2009).
2
Freeman v. State , No. A-7658, 2002 WL 460222, at *1 (Alaska App.,
Mar. 27, 2002).
3 L.D.G. , 211 P.3d at 1116.
4 Id.
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of fault.5 The case proceeded to trial and was submitted to a jury. The jury found "an
employee of the [bar] with criminal negligence allow[ed] R.V. Freeman to consume an
alcoholic beverage in the bar when he was a drunken person."6 The jury also found it
was "more likely true than not true that, if R.V. Freeman had not been intoxicated, he
would not have killed Tracy Eason."7 Despite these findings, the jury declined to find
that "the intoxication of R.V. Freeman [was] so important in bringing about the death of
Tracy Eason that a reasonable person would regard it as a cause and attach responsibility
to it," and therefore did not reach the question of damages.8
Following the jury's verdict, the estate moved for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict and a damages trial. The superior court granted the motion,
finding that "fair-minded jurors could not have concluded that the intoxication of the
murderer, who they found would not have killed Tracy Eason but for that very
intoxication, was not a substantial factor in this wrongful death."9 The court noted
difficulty impaneling a jury willing to find a liquor licensee liable, stating that "firmly
held concepts of personal responsibility of the consuming patron, coupled with a
perceived disparity in fault between a liquor provider and a murderer, troubled many
5 See AS 09.17.080 (providing for apportionment of damages in actions
involving fault of more than one person); see also Alaska R. Civ. P. 14 ("At any time
after commencement of the action a defending party, as a third-party plaintiff, may cause
a summons and complaint to be served upon a person not a party to the action who is or
may be liable to the third-party plaintiff for all or part of the plaintiff's claim against the
third-party plaintiff.").
6 L.D.G. , 211 P.3d at 1116 (alteration in original).
7 Id.
8 Id. (alteration in original).
9 Id.
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potential jurors." The court also noted the problem "was exacerbated by a legal error of
the defense" in failing to include the murderer as a party for allocation of fault.10
The superior court's decision effectively attributed 100% of the fault to
L.D.G. After a trial on damages, the superior court entered judgment of $945,911.95
against L.D.G. We affirmed the judgment after L.D.G.'s appeal.11 Robinson represented
L.D.G. at all stages of the lawsuit and appeal.
B. Proceedings
L.D.G. sued Robinson, alleging that Robinson's representation fell below
the standard of care for an attorney practicing in Alaska when he did not attempt to add
Freeman to the underlying action for allocation of fault. Robinson moved to dismiss for
failure to state a claim.12 Robinson argued that following Loeb v. Rasmussen ,13 Alaska's
dram shop case law was unsettled whether alcohol sellers could apportion fault to
consumers, and that an attorney cannot be liable for an error in judgment regarding an
unsettled proposition of law.
L.D.G. opposed the motion, contending that this argument was rejected in
Doe v. Hughes, Thorsness, Gantz, Powell & Brundin .14 Robinson replied, in a manner
10 See AS 09.17.080(a)(2) (providing fault may not be allocated to person if
"parties had a sufficient opportunity to join that person in the action but chose not to").
11 L.D.G. , 211 P.3d at 1136.
12 See Alaska R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
13 822 P.2d 914, 919-20 & n.15 (Alaska 1991) (holding in dram shop action
brought by minor's estate that licensee could not assert comparative fault of minor who
purchased alcohol, but in light of recent enactment of pure several liability "reserv[ing]
for future consideration all issues related to multiple defendants").
14 838 P.2d 804, 807 n.7 (Alaska 1992) (noting law firm could be liable for
(continued...)
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somewhat contrary to his argument about unsettled law, that at the time of the underlying
litigation Alaska's dram shop act "was an exceptional statute, intended to place the entire
responsibility for the harm which occurred upon the liquor licensee," and that Robinson
followed this existing law in L.D.G.'s representation. Robinson asserted that Doe was
inapplicable because "the Doe attorneys knowingly failed to comply with existing law,"
but he again argued that other jurisdictions provide immunity for judgment errors
regarding unsettled propositions of law.
At oral argument on the motion, Robinson argued that his duty was to "act
in a manner consistent with the existing law," and because he did so, as a matter of law
he was not liable for malpractice. L.D.G. argued that Doe requires an attorney to "weigh
the benefit and the possible harms and see which course" to take, and that it was
inappropriate to dismiss L.D.G.'s claim without granting the parties an opportunity to
present expert evidence on the standard of care or an opportunity to determine
Robinson's considerations (if any) in making the decision not to add Freeman.
The superior court granted Robinson's motion to dismiss. The court noted
that the applicability of several liability to the dram shop statute was unsettled at the time
of the underlying trial and was not resolved until ten years later in Sowinski v. Walker .15
After noting that Sowinski did not "represent the standard of care as it existed" at the time
of Robinson's representation, the superior court stated "[t]his issue is particularly suited
for decision in a rule of law order as the court does not have to be concerned with a jury
14 (...continued)
malpractice in spite of argument that its action was only an "error in judgment"
concerning unsettled law).
15 198 P.3d 1134, 1140 (Alaska 2008) (holding that adoption of pure several
liability supercedes Loeb and allows licensee to assert comparative fault of minor in
dram shop action between minor and licensee).
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using hindsight to analyze [Robinson's] decision-making." The court concluded that
"[a]t the time of the trial, Loeb was the effective law and Mr. Robinson did not, as a
matter of law, breach his duty of care to his clients in applying that law to their case."
The court mentioned but did not apply Doe .
L.D.G. moved for reconsideration, arguing that the court should reconsider
its decision in light of Doe 's holding and Loeb 's express reservation for future
consideration all issues related to multiple defendants and the several liability
framework.16 Robinson opposed, arguing that Loeb broadly precluded licensees from
allocating fault to the consumer.17
The superior court denied L.D.G.'s reconsideration motion. It clarified that
it did "not know whether [Robinson] vigorously researched case law in preparation for
the underlying case" and noted that "[a]t the time, 'the dram shop statute was an
exceptional statute where all fault was attributable to the alcohol seller.' " The court
explained that attorneys are not required to anticipate future supreme court rulings and
concluded that "[i]t does not matter whether [Robinson] failed to do his research or
whether he 'carefully considered and researched the issue' at the time of the underlying
case, [as] the law was unsettled." Again the court did not apply Doe .
L.D.G. appeals the dismissal of the action.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
"We review de novo an order dismissing a complaint . . . for failure to state
a claim upon which relief can be granted."18 When reviewing such an order, we deem
16 See Doe, 838 P.2d at 807 n.7; Loeb , 822 P.2d at 920 n.15.
17 Cf. Loeb, 822 P.2d at 919-20.
18 Larson v. State , 254 P.3d 1073, 1076 (Alaska 2011) (quoting Pepper v.
(continued...)
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all facts alleged in the complaint true and provable.19 To survive such a motion, "it is
enough that the complaint set forth allegations of fact consistent with and appropriate to
some enforceable cause of action."20 We will affirm a superior court's dismissal "only
if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts that would entitle
[the plaintiff] to relief."21 We note that motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim are
generally disfavored and should be rarely granted.22
IV. DISCUSSION
Alaska Civil Rule 12(b)(6) permits a court to dismiss a complaint for failing
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To establish its legal malpractice claim
against Robinson, L.D.G. was required to allege facts supporting four basic elements:
(1) Robinson had a duty "to use such skill, prudence, and diligence as other members of
the profession commonly possess and exercise"; (2) he breached that duty; (3) the breach
proximately caused L.D.G.'s injury; and (4) "actual loss or damage resulted from the
negligence."23
18 (...continued)
Routh Crabtree, APC , 219 P.3d 1017, 1020 (Alaska 2009)).
19 Id. (quoting Pepper , 219 P.3d at 1020).
20 Caudle v. Mendel, 994 P.2d 372, 374 (Alaska 1999) (quoting Kollodge v.
State, 757 P.2d 1024, 1025-26 (Alaska 1988)).
21 Larson , 254 P.3d at 1076-77 (quoting Pepper , 219 P.3d at 1020) (alteration
in original).
22 Vanek v. State, Bd. of Fisheries, 193 P.3d 283, 286 (Alaska 2008) (citing
Kollodge , 757 P.2d at 1026).
23 See Stewart v. Elliott, 239 P.3d 1236, 1240 (Alaska 2010) (quoting Shaw
v. State, Dep't of Admin., Pub. Defender Agency, 816 P.2d 1358, 1361 n.5 (Alaska
1991)).
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The parties dispute whether L.D.G. asserted facts to support the second
element. But L.D.G. alleged that Robinson's failure to add Freeman as a party to the
lawsuit fell below the standard of care for an attorney practicing in Alaska. It was error
for the superior court to conclude that this assertion, which implicates both the contours
of Robinson's duty of care and the element of breach, was legally insufficient to entitle
L.D.G. to relief.
We agree that the specific question facing Robinson - whether L.D.G.
could make Freeman a party for allocation of fault - was unsettled24 when he
representated L.D.G. in the superior court. At that time, AS 04.21.020(a), governing
liability in dram shop actions, provided in relevant part:
A person who provides alcoholic beverages to another person
may not be held civilly liable for injuries resulting from the
intoxication of that person unless the person who provides
the alcoholic beverages holds a license . . . and (1) the
alcoholic beverages are provided to a person under the age of
21 years . . . or (2) the alcoholic beverages are provided to a
drunken person . . . .[25]
Also at that time, our only decision analyzing fault allocation in relation to AS
04.21.020(a) was Loeb v. Rasmussen .26
In Loeb a store negligently sold liquor to a minor, leading to an automobile
accident; one year later the minor committed suicide.27 The personal representative of
24 "Unsettled" is defined as "not decided or determined . . . characterized by
uncertainty, irregularity, or instability." WEBSTER 'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL
DICTIONARY 2510 (2002).
25 Former AS 04.21.020(a)(1)-(2) (2000).
26 822 P.2d 914 (Alaska 1991).
27 Id. at 916.
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the minor's estate brought an action against the store.28 That suit prompted us to
consider the relationship between Alaska's then-recent adoption of comparative
negligence29 and the dram shop act.30 We rejected the store's argument that our common
law adoption and then the legislature's statutory adoption of comparative negligence
undermined the rationale for the rule that a violator of an "exceptional statute" - a
statute designed to protect a special class - may not plead a protected plaintiff's
contributory fault.31 We explained that the system of comparative negligence was "not
at all inconsistent with our past decisions" because "the plaintiff/consumer's contributory
fault is not chargeable to the claimant in these circumstances, in an action against the
violator."32 While recognizing that there was "a considerable split of authority in this
area of the law," we held that the legislature's adoption of comparative negligence did
not change the established rule because this "best comport[ed] with existing Alaska law
and sound public policy."33
In reaching our conclusion, we focused on the public policy concerns
underlying the dram shop act and the statutes requiring licensees to verify a purchaser's
age:
28 Id.
29 See Kaatz v. State, 540 P.2d 1037, 1049 (Alaska 1975) (adopting common
law comparative negligence); see also AS 09.17.060; ch. 139, § 1, SLA 1986
("[C]ontributory fault chargeable to the claimant diminishes proportionately the amount
awarded as compensatory damages for the injury attributable to the claimant's
contributory fault, but does not bar recovery.").
30 Loeb , 822 P.2d at 918.
31 Id .
32 Id. (emphasis in original).
33 Id . at 919.
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The legislature has passed many laws designed to protect
minors from the pernicious effects of alcohol. Such laws,
particularly those making it unlawful to sell liquor to a minor,
reflect society's belief that children are not competent to
assess in any meaningful way the risks involved in the use of
alcohol. [The store] was able to exploit this lack of
competence[] when it sold liquor unlawfully to [the minor].
However, we can think of no legitimate reason to allow [the
store] to exploit it further[] by having its liability to the
plaintiff reduced because [the minor] failed to exercise the
same degree of care for her own safety reasonably expected
of one more able to assess the risks[] when she purchased and
used the defendant's product. [The store's] argument is
particularly unpersuasive in light of the fact that it could have
avoided all liability merely by securing, in good faith, proof
that [the minor] was of lawful age before selling her liquor.[34]
We ultimately held that "a licensee who violates AS 04.21.050[35] is not entitled to assert
the comparative fault of the minor/consumer[] in an action for damages resulting from
the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquor."36
Importantly, we footnoted our holding with an express caveat:
Because this case does not involve multiple defendants, we
need not decide how the recent Tort Reform Act [amended by
initiative to provide pure several liability37 ] affects this issue.
34 Id. (citations and emphasis omitted).
35 AS 04.21.050 requires proof of age whenever the licensee or employee
"questions or has reason to question whether [a person] has attained the age of 21 years,"
and can be the basis of liability under the dram shop statute, AS 04.21.020.
36 Loeb , 822 P.2d at 919-20.
37 In 1986 the legislature passed the Tort Reform Act, codifying a system of
pure comparative negligence but retaining joint and several liability. Ch. 139, §§ 1-11,
SLA 1986. A ballot initiative passed two years later replaced joint and several liability
(continued...)
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Multiple defendants might complicate a case when an injured
third party brings action against both the minor and the liquor
licensee, or when more than one liquor licensee has
unlawfully provided the minor with liquor. We reserve for
future consideration all issues related to multiple
defendants.[38]
Robinson argues that Loeb was the governing law at the time he represented
L.D.G. But Loeb did not clearly establish the law applicable to Robinson's
representation for two reasons. First, in Loeb we reasoned that the public policy of
protecting minors prevented the licensee from asserting the minor's fault.39 While we
mentioned a similar policy of protecting obviously intoxicated persons,40 our holding
directly pertained only to minors.41 We held that "a licensee who violates AS 04.21.050"
- the statute requiring licensees to verify purchasers' age - "is not entitled to assert the
comparative fault of the minor/consumer."42 Second, in Loeb we analyzed the
37 (...continued)
with pure several liability. See generally Sowinski v. Walker, 198 P.3d 1134, 1149-50
(Alaska 2008); Smith v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 14 P.3d 990, 994 (Alaska 2000).
38 Loeb 822 P.2d at 920 n.15 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Years
after the trial in the present case, we held in Sowinski v. Walker that the legislature's
adoption of pure several liability in AS 09.17.080 superseded our determination in Loeb
that the violator of AS 04.21.020 could not reduce its liability by the fault of the minor-
plaintiff. Sowinski, 198 P.3d at 1155-56 (Alaska 2008).
39 Loeb , 822 P.2d at 918-19.
40 See id. at 918.
41 Id. at 919.
42 Id.
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application of a comparative negligence system retaining joint and several liability.43 But
when Robinson representated L.D.G. the law applied pure several liability, raising issues
which, in the footnote quoted above, we expressly reserved for future consideration.44
Robinson argues that in this footnote we referred only to cases where a
plaintiff, not the defendant-licensee, might assert a claim against the consumer, rather
than where the defendant-licensee might bring a third-party action against the consumer
or join the consumer as a defendant for fault allocation. Although we initially referenced
an "action against both the minor and the liquor licensee" rather than making a more
general statement (so as to include those times when the defendant adds the consumer),
we noted that we "reserve[d] for future consideration all issues related to multiple
defendants."45 In this way, we stated that Loeb was not necessarily applicable in future
suits involving multiple defendants under the new statutory several liability framework,
regardless of who added the additional defendant(s). Thus at the time of Robinson's
representation we had left unsettled the issue of whether the defendant-licensee could
bring in a minor or intoxicated person for fault allocation purposes.
We therefore must consider an attorney's duty when the law is unsettled on
a material issue necessitating a strategic decision by the attorney or the client. We
addressed a similar situation in Doe v. Hughes, Thorsness, Gantz, Powell & Brundin.46
There, a husband and wife hired a law firm to arrange their adoption of their biological
43 See id. at 918, 920 n.15.
44 Id.
45 Id. (emphasis added).
46 838 P.2d 804 (Alaska 1992).
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child birthed by a surrogate mother.47 Because the husband was part Chickasaw Indian,
the firm became concerned about the impact of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)
on the adoption - specifically, ICWA required that the adoptive parents obtain the
surrogate mother's consent.48 The firm obtained the surrogate's consent, but failed to
take additional steps required to make the consent valid under ICWA because the firm
was unsure whether ICWA actually applied to the case.49 The firm instead recommended
that the Does allow the superior court to determine whether ICWA applied, and "was
content to rest on its oars when the court concluded that it did not."50 The superior court
accepted the surrogate's consent to the adoption in the form presented and entered a final
decree of adoption terminating the parental relationship between the child and the
51
surrogate.
The surrogate later moved to vacate the decree on the ground that her
consent was invalid because it was not obtained in conformity with ICWA.52 The
adoptive parents obtained new representation and successfully defended the adoption,
47 Id. at 805.
48 Id. (citing 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a)).
49 Id. Under ICWA, where a parent gives consent to the termination of his or
her parental rights, the consent is valid only if it is "executed in writing and recorded
before a judge of a court of competent jurisdiction," and is "accompanied by the
presiding judge's certificate that the terms and consequences of the consent were fully
explained in detail and were fully understood by the parent." 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a).
50 Doe , 838 P.2d at 805.
51 Id.
52 Id.
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but incurred significant costs.53 The adoptive parents sued the original firm for
malpractice, alleging the firm was negligent in failing to comply with ICWA.54 The
superior court dismissed the action on summary judgment, finding that the firm's
conduct was not actionable under the circumstances:
the issue in the case was whether [the firm] was liable to the
[adoptive parents] for a mere error of judgment, or for a
mistake in a point of law which, at the time of the advice
given, had not been settled by the Alaska Supreme Court, and
was a point of law upon which reasonable lawyers could
differ.[55]
We reversed, noting that because the adoption was potentially subject to
ICWA's consent requirements, "the risk in failing to obtain the biological mother's
consent to the adoption in conformity with the Act should have been clear to any
attorney possessed of the required level of professional competence."56 We recognized
that the firm chose not to pursue validating the consent because of the added cost to the
adoptive parents, and that the firm had informed the parents that if ICWA applied it
would be necessary to comply to prevent a future challenge.57 The firm "did not,
however, advise its clients to secure the natural mother's consent in conformity with the
Act, despite the added cost."58
We explained that an attorney's obligations involve the "duty to advise the
53 Id. at 805-06.
54 Id. at 806.
55
Id. (internal alteration marks omitted).
56 Id. at 806-07.
57 Id. at 807.
58 Id. (emphasis omitted).
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client of action the client should take in a given set of circumstances."59 Because the firm
failed to advise the parents to pursue the "only one prudent course of action" -
obtaining the surrogate's valid consent - we concluded the firm had "failed in its duty
to use the skill, prudence, and diligence required of an attorney practicing within this
jurisdiction," breached the duty of care, and had therefore committed professional
malpractice as a matter of law.60
We specifically addressed the superior court's conclusion that the firm
could not be liable for "only an 'error in judgment' concerning a matter about which the
law remained unsettled."61 We were "not impressed" with that position, noting that:
[a]ny uncertainty there might have been about the
applicability of [ICWA] made [the firm's] failure to obtain
compliance with the Act more, rather than less,
blameworthy. The cost of compliance with the [A]ct would
be by all measures slight when compared to the potential cost
of not complying with the Act. The decision to ignore the
additional steps required for a "valid" consent was anything
but the act of a reasonably prudent lawyer.[62]
In this way, we refused to grant immunity to lawyers committing an error in judgment
with regard to unsettled law.
Robinson argues that Doe is distinguishable because "[t]he Doe attorneys
failed to act in conformity with a governing federal statute[, whereas here] Robinson's
conduct was consistent with existing law." But Doe demonstrates that where the law is
unsettled - as it was here - there is at least a viable claim that the standard of care
59 Id. (emphasis omitted).
60 Id. (emphasis omitted).
61 Id. at 807 n.7.
62 Id. (emphasis in original).
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requires the attorney to advise a client to follow the reasonably prudent course of action
in light of the uncertainty,63 such that Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is inappropriate.64
This standard of care was exemplified by the defense counsel and superior
court in H & J Corp. v. Murfitt .65 In Murfitt a drunk driver to whom a bar had
negligently served alcohol caused a car accident, and the victims brought an action
against the bar under the dram shop act.66 Although the victims did not add the driver
as a defendant in the suit, the bar sought to add the driver for fault allocation by filing a
third-party complaint against him.67 The victims moved to dismiss the driver to prevent
the bar from apportioning fault to the driver, and the superior court granted the motion.68
Despite that ruling, the superior court instructed the parties to present their allocation
evidence to the jury.69 The court explained that while it agreed with the victims, it was
important to preserve a complete record and avoid retrial in case we concluded on appeal
63 See Doe , 838 P.2d at 807 n.7.
64 Cf. Tush v. Pharr, 68 P.3d 1239, 1246-47 (Alaska 2003) (providing in
attorney malpractice suit that where reasonable minds could differ as to attorney's
standard of care, summary judgment is not appropriate); Linck v. Barokas & Martin , 667
P.2d 171, 173-74 (Alaska 1983) (reversing a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal where plaintiff
alleged attorney failed to advise plaintiff of her right to disclaim an interest in her
husband's estate to avoid tax liability for gifts to her children).
65 Mem. Op. & J. No. 1351, 2009 WL 3681660 (Alaska, Nov. 4, 2009).
66 Id. at *1.
67 Id. at *2.
68 Id.
69 Id.
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that the order was in error.70
The bar appealed the court's determination that the dram shop act precluded
alcohol sellers from apportioning fault.71 While the case was pending, we decided
Sowinski v. Walker, holding that the legislature's adoption of pure several liability in AS
09.17.080 required a liquor licensee be liable only for its own negligence as allocated to
it by the jury.72 We issued a memorandum opinion and judgment in Murfitt reversing the
superior court's order and providing the bar was liable only for damages corresponding
to its percentage of fault as allocated by the finder of fact.73 Murfitt demonstrates that
because of uncertainty in the law, a prudent defense lawyer would have considered
attempting to add Freeman as a defendant for fault allocation. We therefore reject
Robinson's contention that as a matter of law his conduct could not amount to legal
malpractice.
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we REVERSE the dismissal order and REMAND
for proceedings consistent with this decision.
70 Id.
71 Id. at *3.
72 198 P.3d 1134, 1151-56 (Alaska 2008).
73 Murfitt , 2009 WL 3681660, at *5.
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