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You can search the entire site. or go to the recent opinions, or the chronological or subject indices. Stephanie W. v. Maxwell V. (4/27/2012) sp-6669
Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER .
Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
STEPHANIE W., )
) Supreme Court No. S-14183
Appellant, )
) Superior Court No. 3PA-09-02329 CI
v. )
) O P I N I O N
MAXWELL V., )
) No. 6669 - April 27, 2012
Appellee. )
)
Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
Judicial District, Palmer, Eric Smith, Judge.
Appearances: Richard W. Postma, Jr., Law Offices of Dan
Allan & Associates, Anchorage, for Appellant. No
appearance by Appellee.
Before: Carpeneti, Chief Justice, Fabe, Winfree, and
Stowers, Justices. [Christen, Justice, not participating.]
CARPENETI, Chief Justice.
I. INTRODUCTION
A couple lived together briefly in New Mexico and then separated, with the
man moving permanently to Alaska. Shortly after he moved, the woman discovered that
she was pregnant and gave birth to a son. The child had no contact with his father for
the first three years of his life. At his paternal grandmother's initiative, the child then
visited his father in Alaska several times over a three-year period, including a year-long
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visit during which he attended kindergarten in Alaska. After the boy returned to New
Mexico, the boy's father filed for legal and primary physical custody. After a trial, the
superior court awarded primary physical custody to the father and summertime visitation
to the mother. Legal custody as to schooling decisions was awarded to the father. Legal
custody as to all other decisions was awarded jointly to the mother and father. The
mother appeals.
II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
A. Facts
Terrance V. was born in New Mexico in 2002 to Stephanie W. and
Maxwell V.1 His parents have never married and lived together only briefly, for about
six months. Stephanie, a nurse, has a history of childhood sexual trauma and has been
diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; she claimed that she was raped during
her pregnancy and that a man broke into her home and attempted to rape her daughter.
She has two daughters from two previous relationships. Both girls are in therapy and
live with their mother. Maxwell, a plumber, has several prior criminal convictions for
which he served several years in jail.
Before Terrance was born Maxwell left for Alaska and never returned.
Stephanie testified that "[Maxwell] seemed to disappear" after Terrance was born. He
had no contact with Terrance during the first three years of his son's life.
Maxwell's mother also lived in New Mexico. After Terrance was born,
Stephanie began attending nursing school and occasionally dropped Terrance off at his
grandmother's for childcare. In 2005, Terrance's grandmother brought him to Alaska
to meet his father, with Stephanie's permission. When Terrance first arrived he acted out
1 We use pseudonyms throughout this opinion to protect the privacy of the
persons involved.
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and required strict parenting. He responded very well to this regime, transforming, in
the words of a neighbor, from "an out of control kid" to "a very sweet little boy."
Terrance visited his father again in 2006 and 2007. In 2008, the parties
arranged for Terrance to spend his first year of school in Alaska. Shortly after he arrived
in Alaska, school records documented sexual misbehavior on his part. During
Terrance's year in Alaska, his kindergarten teachers noted several incidents, most near
the beginning of the school year, in which Terrance behaved aggressively toward other
students. His behavior improved as the year progressed: His report card at the end of
the year showed that "he met all of the criteria for being a successful kindergarten
student" except for counting skills, and his teacher reported that "the rough patches"
experienced at the beginning of the year were "always handled appropriately" by
Maxwell.
After returning to New Mexico, Terrance did not want to sleep by himself
and wet the bed. Stephanie testified that Terrance told his sister that his father had
shown him a picture of a naked girl. Stephanie filed a complaint with the police, who
interviewed Terrance, Stephanie, and her daughters. Terrance stated that his father had
shown him a photo of a naked girl, and that Maxwell had told him that if Terrance
returned to Alaska, "he would get a girl to show him her privates." Terrance was
sexually aggressive toward his sister and engaged in other age-inappropriate sexual
behavior.
Later, Stephanie made a second complaint to the police. The police report
says that Stephanie reported that Terrance said his father had shown him a video of a
young girl having sex with a man. Terrance confirmed this with the interviewing officer.
During an interview with a forensic interviewer Terrance said that his father spanked him
with a belt, leaving marks, and that his father had shown him a picture of a naked girl
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and pornographic movies, standing behind him and holding his eyes open during the
movies.
In school, Terrance was aggressive toward other children. His teacher filed
a Child Protective Services report as his behavior indicated that he was "sexually
knowledgeable" and she "was concerned that he might be in trouble." In school,
Terrance was continually disorganized and had problems relating to other students. His
reading level was below average, which his teacher attributed in part to not reading at
home.
His teacher tried communicating with Stephanie about Terrance's problems,
but stopped doing so because of Stephanie's "erratic responses and . . . frightening
interpretations, she just blew everything out of proportion." She reported seeing
Stephanie "pitch fits in the hallway" and hearing her "announce to everyone within
hearing range that her son ha[d] been sexually abused," and she feared that Stephanie
"was not stable."
In January 2010, due to Terrance's behavioral issues and his problems at
school, Stephanie brought Terrance to a child and family therapist. The therapist
concluded that Terrance had Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and that
he had been exposed to pornography, which contributed to Terrance's inappropriate
sexual behavior. Terrance told the therapist that Maxwell had shown him pornographic
pictures and touched him in a questionable manner while bathing him. The therapist was
uncertain as to whether Terrance had ever been inappropriately touched. During one
counseling session, Maxwell called Terrance and the call was placed on speakerphone.
Though his conversation with Terrance was appropriate, Maxwell told Stephanie he was
going to send something in the mail that would "hurt her and her family," a statement
Stephanie interpreted as a threat.
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Terrance also underwent a neuropsychological evaluation. The evaluation
concluded that there were "no major 'red flags' in terms of emotional or even behavioral
functioning" but suggested family therapy so that Stephanie could "function at her best
as a parent," and mentioned that "high-quality social work seems essential," in particular
a social worker who "will [] get along with [Terrance's] mother."
B. Proceedings
In November 2009, Maxwell filed in Alaska for sole legal and primary
physical custody of Terrance. Stephanie asked for the same. Superior Court Judge Eric
Smith held a three-day hearing in November and December 2010. Judge Smith heard
from both parents; Terrance's teacher; Maxwell's girlfriend, employer, and former
landlord; and the child therapist who had treated Terrance. During the proceedings,
Stephanie testified that she felt "Terrance was sexually abused, that he has had sex . . .
and I think his dad is responsible." Terrance's teacher testified that Maxwell dealt with
Terrance well. Maxwell's landlord reported that Maxwell was a conscientious and
loving parent who dealt well with situations in which he had to discipline and care for
Terrance. A small portion of the testimony from Stephanie and Maxwell covered child
support, with the parties generally agreeing that Maxwell had sent approximately $3,000
since Terrance's birth.
The child and family therapist testified that Stephanie was a fretful and
overprotective mother, whose history of sexual abuse engendered anxiety over certain
behaviors. While feeling that it is "unusual that pornography would result in th[is] level"
of inappropriate behavior, he did not believe that Terrance's story was coached as it
remained consistent throughout his sessions.
On January 5, 2011, the superior court issued its findings as to the "best
interests of the child" factors in accordance with AS 25.24.150(c). While finding the
allegations of sexual abuse "very troubling," the superior court found that Stephanie had
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not proven this abuse and believed instead that "to a large extent, the behavior is the
result of the many changes and pressures [Terrance] felt upon his return to his mother's
house, not the least of which was the fact that . . . [Stephanie] often badly overreacts to
stressful or difficult situations."
The superior court found that the factor of continuity favored Maxwell, as
Stephanie's circumstances were "more fluid" while Maxwell's home and lifestyle were
"relatively stable." The court noted that Stephanie's intense work schedule and long
daily commute was very hard on the family and could be a roadblock to proper
parenting. The court also found that Maxwell's comment to Stephanie during the
conference call with Terrance and his therapist referred to a legal action rather than a
threat of physical harm. The court concluded that Stephanie was "very unlikely to foster
a relationship with [Maxwell]" due to her anxiety relating to alleged sexual abuse and
threats.
Overall, the superior court found that "[Maxwell] was better able to meet
[Terrance]'s needs" and that it was in Terrance's best interests for Maxwell to have
primary physical custody. However, the court awarded sole legal custody to Maxwell
only as to school issues and granted joint legal custody as to all other matters. The
superior court denied Stephanie's motion for reconsideration.
Stephanie appeals, asserting the superior court (1) committed clear error in
finding that Terrance had not been sexually abused; (2) improperly used Stephanie's
good faith assertion of sexual abuse and her response to Maxwell's threat against her in
awarding custody to Maxwell; (3) did not properly weigh the sibling bond between
Terrance and his half-sisters; and (4) failed to properly consider the fact that Maxwell
had not paid child support for most of Terrance's life.
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III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
"The trial court has broad discretion in deciding child custody disputes."2
We will not set aside a custody determination unless a review of the entire record shows
that the controlling findings of fact are clearly erroneous or the trial court has abused its
discretion.3 "A finding of fact is clearly erroneous only when a review of the entire
record leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court has made a
mistake."4 "An abuse of discretion has occurred if the trial court considered improper
factors in making its custody determination, failed to consider statutorily mandated
factors, or assigned disproportionate weight to particular factors while ignoring others."5
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The Superior Court Did Not Clearly Err In Finding That Terrance
Was Not Sexually Abused By His Father.
After considering the conflicting evidence, the superior court found that
Stephanie had not proven that Maxwell had sexually abused Terrance. As to the
allegations of sexual abuse, we agree with the superior court that "[t]his is a very
troubling situation." However, a review of the record does not indicate that the superior
court's findings are clearly erroneous.
Stephanie relies heavily on the testimony of Terrance's therapist to support
her argument. The therapist testified that it was his belief that Terrance had "experienced
2 Melendrez v. Melendrez , 143 P.3d 957, 959 (Alaska 2006).
3 Id. (citing Chesser-Witmer v. Chesser, 117 P.3d 711, 715 (Alaska 2005)).
4 Evans v. Evans , 869 P.2d 478, 479 (Alaska 1994) (citing Money v. Money ,
852 P.2d 1158, 1161 (Alaska 1993)).
5 Id. at 479-80 (citing McDanold v. McDanold , 718 P.2d 467, 468 (Alaska
1986)).
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sexual abuse resulting in inappropriate sexual behavior," and he concluded that the abuse
"happened in Alaska" based on "reports from the school in Alaska."
In reaching its conclusion, the superior court considered testimony from
multiple sources in Alaska and New Mexico. Importantly, the superior court carefully
weighed the testimony of Terrance's therapist, noting inconsistencies in the testimony
and the therapist's failure to connect Maxwell to Terrance's behavior.6 The court also
found credible both Maxwell's and his girlfriend's testimony regarding sexual materials
and behavior in their household.
The superior court elaborated on its deliberations during the proceedings:
I take this stuff really seriously. I have way too many sexual
abuse of a minor cases to ever, ever, ever minimize the
possible impact on an eight year old kid of sexual abuse.
This is really serious.
. . . .
And they're serious allegations and I just want to make it
clear to both parents that I'm not messing around here and if
there's an issue I'm going to make sure I do something about
it. I just have too many cases like this and I see too many
kids get too badly messed up by this stuff. So I don't want to
mess around here at all but I need to be really clear because
the severity of the allegations is sufficient that I need to know
exactly what is going on here. All right?
Facing a difficult factual issue, and having considered all of the testimony
and evidence on both sides of the issue, the superior court concluded that "[Stephanie]
has not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that [Maxwell] sexually abused [their
6 For example, Terrance never told his therapist that Maxwell forced him to
look at pornography. The therapist "did not seem to give much credence to the
allegation of inappropriate touching during a bath." The therapist testified that "it was
very unusual for a child to exhibit the type of behavior exhibited by Terrance based on
only being exposed to pornographic materials three times over the course of a year."
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child]" and that "neither party was able to prove by a preponderance of the evidence just
what has led [Terrance] to act out as he has."
The superior court did not clearly err in declining to rule in Stephanie's
favor. It is not our role to reweigh the evidence, and credibility determinations are the
province of the trial court.7 The superior court is in the best position to evaluate the
evidence before it, taking due account of the demeanor and credibility of witnesses.
While this is a difficult case, we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. The superior court took great pains to explain its reasoning,
which was supported by the record. Accordingly, we affirm the superior court's findings
regarding the alleged sexual abuse.
B. The Superior Court Must Reconsider The "Close And Continuing
Relationship" Factor.
Stephanie asserts that the superior court erroneously considered her
unwillingness to encourage a close and continuing relationship with Maxwell in violation
of AS 25.24.150(c)(6).8 She argues that "good faith" reporting of a threat and possible
child sexual abuse should not be used to punish her. She argues that her claim, although
ultimately rejected by the superior court, was made in good faith and that under
7 Millette v. Millette , 177 P.3d 258, 261 (Alaska 2008).
8 AS 25.24.150(c)(6) provides, in relevant part:
In determining the best interests of the child the court shall
consider . . . the willingness and ability of each parent to
facilitate and encourage a close and continuing relationship
between the other parent and the child, except that the court
may not consider this willingness and ability if one parent
shows that the other parent has sexually assaulted or engaged
in domestic violence against the parent or a child, and that a
continuing relationship with the other parent will endanger
the health or safety of either the parent or the child; . . .
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AS 25.24.150(c)(6) the court is precluded from considering her unwillingness to
facilitate a relationship between Maxwell and Terrance.
As written, the statute restricts the court from considering a parent's
unwillingness to facilitate and encourage a relationship between the child and the other
parent "if one parent shows that the other parent has sexually assaulted or engaged in
domestic violence against the parent or a child, and that a continuing relationship with
the other parent will endanger the health or safety of either the parent or the child."9 An
affirmative finding must be made on both the actual existence of abuse and the risk of
danger.10 Once that finding is made, then the superior court must ignore the factor; that
is, it must not hold against a parent an unwillingness to encourage a relationship with a
parent shown to have engaged in sexual abuse or domestic violence. But the statute is
silent on the procedure to be followed if the court finds that abuse has not been shown.
Here, the superior court found that Stephanie did not "show that the other parent . . .
sexually assaulted or engaged in domestic violence against the . . . child."
9 AS 25.24.150(c)(6).
10 As we stated in Puddicombe v. Dreka :
Once the trial court makes an evidence-based finding that
domestic violence occurred, however, it should explicitly
address whether or not the parent is a continuing threat to the
health and safety of the other parent of the children prior to
relying on the parent's willingness to foster a relationship
under AS 25.24.150(c)(6). . . . [T]he superior court should
make findings as to whether [the parent] represents a
continuing danger to the health and safety of [the children].
If the court finds that [the parent] does represent such a
danger, then it should revisit the custody issue without
relying on AS 25.24.150(c)(6).
Puddicombe v. Dreka , 167 P.3d 73, 77 (Alaska 2007); accord Williams v.
Barbee , 243 P.3d 995, 999 n.5 & 6 (Alaska 2010).
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How a superior court should analyze the "willingness to allow a close and
continuing relationship" factor once it decides the factual dispute concerning sexual
abuse or domestic violence against the reporting parent is an issue that we have not
previously confronted. Stephanie argues that it would be bad policy to hold her good
faith belief that Maxwell sexually abused Terrance against her, in analyzing her
willingness to allow a close and continuing relationship between Terrance and Maxwell.
She argues that "no parent in their right mind would ever make a good faith report of
domestic violence or sexual abuse, because that . . . report would be used to remove a
child from the reporting parent's custody and to place the child with the . . . parent who
was accused of wrongdoing." Here, the superior court acknowledged that the allegations
of sexual abuse were "troubling" and that neither party had been able to demonstrate
what had caused Terrance to act out sexually. The superior court also noted that
Stephanie had adduced expert opinion testimony from "a highly experienced forensic
interviewer of children" and from a children's counselor who were generally supportive
of Stephanie's suspicions.
In light of the apparent good-faith basis of Stephanie's allegations, we
conclude that the superior court should re-weigh the "willingness to allow a close and
continuing relationship" factor. On remand, the court should not consider this factor
against Stephanie unless she has continued her unwillingness to facilitate such a
relationship in the period after the superior court made its evidence-based finding that
Maxwell had not abused Terrance.
C. The Superior Court Did Not Err In Its Consideration Of The
Importance Of Maintaining Sibling Bonds.
In considering Terrance's best interests the superior court mentioned that
Terrance had two half-sisters with whom he "unquestionably" had a bond, but did not
find that bond to be an overriding factor in the best interests analysis. Stephanie disputes
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the superior court's handling of sibling bonds on two grounds. First, Stephanie argues
that once the superior court found that there was a bond between Terrance and his sisters,
McQuade v. McQuade 11 requires that the court "make clear findings that separating these
siblings was 'clearly required' or 'necessary.' "
But McQuade does not go this far. In McQuade , the appellant argued in
a custody dispute that the superior court gave too much weight to sibling bonds and not
enough weight to parental bonds.12 In that case we "declined to adopt a rigid standard
for weighing the importance of maintaining sibling bonds in custody disputes, and . . .
instead articulated a more flexible approach,"13 which is that
[c]onsideration should be given to the desirability of not
separating the children unless their welfare clearly requires
such a course. As in other facets of the difficult problems
confronting a trial judge in custody matters, there is no hard
and fast rule. The question of whether or not it is necessary
to separate children must depend upon the facts and
circumstances of each particular case.[14]
In short, McQuade does not require that the superior court make any findings, rather,
McQuade establishes that the trial court has substantial discretion when considering and
weighing sibling bonds. Another case, Craig v. McBride,15 makes this clear:
[The] standard does not require a showing of "necessary" or
"compelling" reasons in order for a trial court to separate
siblings. Rather, we prefer to accord trial judges the
11 901 P.2d 421 (Alaska 1995).
12 Id . at 425.
13 Id.
14 Id. (quoting Nichols v. Nichols , 516 P.2d 732, 736 (Alaska 1973)).
15 639 P.2d 303 (Alaska 1982).
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necessary discretion to best respond to the myriad of factual
settings which will invariably arise in custody matters, at all
times cognizant that it is the best interests of the child which
is the paramount consideration. Though maintaining sibling
relationships will typically be in the best interests of the child,
cases will undoubtedly arise where the best interests of the
child dictate otherwise.[16]
The superior court was required to consider the best interests of the child, including any
sibling bonds. It was not required to make the specific findings urged by Stephanie.
Relatedly, she argues that the superior court failed to accord proper weight
to the sibling bonds while focusing on and giving great weight to the "the willingness
and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing relationship
between the other parent and the child."17
We have already considered in the previous section the "close and
continuing relationship" factor. With regard to Stephanie's argument that the superior
court gave too little weight to the importance of sibling bonds, her argument is not
persuasive. Craig v. McBride is again instructive:
Were our policy in regard to keeping siblings together to
override all other indications of the child's best interest, a
parent with a child who is either a step- or half-sibling of the
child in dispute would invariably obtain custody. Such a
result does not comport with the fundamental premise that
trial courts enjoy wide discretion in ascertaining, by reference
to AS 25.25.150, the best interests of the child.[18]
The superior court has wide discretion to ascertain a child's best interests and to weigh
the best interests factors. Here, the superior court acknowledged Terrance's sibling
16 Craig, 639 P.2d at 306.
17 AS 25.24.150(c)(6).
18 Craig, 639 P.2d at 307.
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bonds but found them to be "of lesser importance than the other custody factors." A
review of the record reveals little evidence that sibling bonds were of overwhelming
importance to Terrance or to his well-being. Accordingly, weighting sibling bonds less
than other factors was not an abuse of discretion.
D. The Superior Court Did Not Award Custody In Violation Of
AS 25.20.110(b) But Did Fail To Consider Maxwell's Failure To Pay
Child Support Under The Continuity And Stability Factor.
Stephanie argues that the superior court erred by not considering Maxwell's
failure to pay child support before awarding him primary physical custody as required
by AS 25.20.110(b).19 In support of her argument she (1) points to excerpts of
Maxwell's statement that he had sent only about $3,300 in support since Terrance's
birth, (2) points to trouble paying the bills, and (3) points to the fact that her nursing
degree took longer than anticipated because she had to support her children. But even
accepted as true, these facts do not establish a violation of AS 25.20.110(b).
19 AS 25.20.110(b) provides:
When making a determination relating to child custody under
(a) of this section, the court shall consider the past history of
the parents with respect to their compliance with the child
support payment provisions of temporary or permanent
support orders or agreements relating to the child or to other
children. Under this subsection, the court may consider a
parent's failure to pay child support only if the parent had
actual knowledge of the amount of the child support
obligation and had funds available for payment of support or
could have obtained those funds through reasonable efforts,
as determined by the court.
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The statute makes clear that "the court shall consider the past history of the
parents with respect to their compliance with . . . support orders or agreements."20
Stephanie correctly points out that "[w]hether a support order exists or not, '[a] parent
is obligated both by statute and at common law to support his or her children.' "21 But
the purpose of AS 25.20.110(b) is narrow; it counts noncompliance with court orders or
voluntary agreements against the noncompliant parent who seeks custody. In this case,
Maxwell was never subject to a support order or agreement. Therefore, he is not a
noncompliant parent seeking custody and the issue was not important to the custody
determination.
Although Maxwell's obligations under AS 25.20.110(b) were not relevant
to the custody determination, we are troubled by the reliance on Maxwell's more stable
economic status compared to Stephanie's long commute and hard working hours while
ignoring Maxwell's failure to pay more than $3,300 in child support over the course of
his child's life. Here, the superior court weighed Stephanie's 140-mile round trip
commute and her four weekly 12-hour shifts (from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) against her
in reviewing the stability factor, determining that her work schedule "[was] very hard on
all of them, and provide[d] some roadblocks in terms of her working with the kids on
homework and the like." Given that Maxwell's failure to pay child support was likely
a contributing factor to Stephanie's grueling work schedule, we are puzzled by the
superior court's conclusion that Stephanie's "circumstances are more fluid, as the
children have to spend a significant amount of time away from their home to
20 Id.
21 Crayton v. Crayton, 944 P.2d 487, 489 (Alaska 1997) (quoting Matthews
v. Matthews , 739 P.2d 1298, 1299 (Alaska 1987)).
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accommodate [Stephanie's] work schedule" and that the stability factor "therefore favors
[Maxwell.]"
A parent has a general statutory and common law duty to support a child.22
In light of this obligation, we remand to the superior court to reconsider the continuity
and stability factor taking account of Maxwell's failure to provide any meaningful
monetary support for Terrance and Stephanie's efforts to provide economically for her
children.
V. CONCLUSION
Because Stephanie has not shown that the superior court's findings on the
sexual abuse issue were clearly erroneous, we AFFIRM the superior court's finding that
Terrance had not been sexually abused by Maxwell. Because the superior court did not
err in its consideration of sibling bonds, we AFFIRM the superior court's conclusion in
this respect. But we REMAND the custody issue for a new consideration of the best
interests of the child in two respects: (1) Because Stephanie brought her allegations of
sexual abuse against Maxwell in good faith, we REMAND for reconsideration of the
"close and continuing relationship" factor in accordance with this opinion; and (2)
because the court did not discuss Maxwell's ongoing obligation to support Terrance, we
REMAND for consideration of the continuity and stability factor in accordance with this
opinion.
22 AS 25.20.030; see, e.g., Benson v. Benson , 977 P.2d 88, 92 (Alaska 1999).
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