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NOTICE
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303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501
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E-mail: corrections @ akcourts.us
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
MARK DANIEL TORGERSON,
Court of Appeals No. A-13416
Appellant, Trial Court No. 3AN-19-02368 CR
v.
O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,
Appellee. No. 2647 - June 7, 2019
Appeal from the Superior Court, Third Judicial District,
Anchorage, Kevin M. Saxby, Judge.
Appearances: Mary Fleming Burnell, Assistant Public
Defender, and Beth Goldstein, Acting Public Defender,
Anchorage, for the Appellant. Bonnie E. Bull, Assistant District
Attorney, Anchorage, and Kevin G. Clarkson, AttorneyGeneral,
Juneau, for the Appellee.
Before: Allard, Chief Judge, and Wollenberg and Harbison,
Judges.
Judge WOLLENBERG.
Mark Daniel Torgerson seeks appellate review of the superior court's
refusal to modify the conditions of his pretrial bail release. Torgerson argues that, at his
first bail review hearing, the superior court failed to conduct an independent review of
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his bail conditions, and instead improperly deferred to the bail conditions previously set
by the district court at Torgerson's first appearance.
We agree with Torgerson. We therefore remand Torgerson's case to the
superior court and direct the superior court to conduct an independent review of
Torgerson's bail request.
Facts and proceedings
In early March 2019, the State charged Torgerson with two counts of first-
degree sexual abuse of a minor. The State alleged that, four years ago - when
Torgerson was sixteen years old - he performed fellatio on his three-year-old cousin
and caused his cousin to perform fellatio on him.
Torgerson was arrested and brought before District Court Judge Jo-Ann
Chung. At this first court appearance, the court presented Torgerson with the charges
against him and appointed the Public Defender Agency to represent him.
The court then addressed bail. The prosecutor asked the court to set
monetary bail in the amount of a $25,000 cash or corporate appearance bond and a
$25,000 cash performance bond, and to require that Torgerson be subject to electronic
monitoring through the Pretrial Enforcement Division. Torgerson, through his newly-
appointed attorney, agreed to electronic monitoring but requested monetary bail in an
amount of a $500 cash performance bond.
The district court imposed the non-monetary conditions agreed to by the
parties: namely, house arrest with electronic monitoring and a bar on contact with the
alleged victimor other minors under sixteen years old. But, without any explanation, the
court set monetary bail at an amount higher than that requested by the prosecutor: a
$50,000 cash or corporate appearance bond and a $50,000 cash performance bond.
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Following Torgerson's indictment, Torgerson's attorney requested a bail
hearing, pursuant to AS 12.30.006(c). This was Torgerson's first bail review hearing.
Torgerson's attorney requested that the superior court impose a monetary bail of a
$5,000 cash or corporate appearance bond and a $10,000 cash performance bond, in
addition to house arrest with electronic monitoring.
Superior Court Judge Kevin M. Saxby presided over the hearing. At the
hearing, Torgerson presented his proposal. He noted that he had stable housing in a
residence with no minors, steady employment, and no prior criminal history, and that he
was willing to submit to house arrest with electronic monitoring. The State opposed
Torgerson's proposal. The prosecutor argued that bail had been "meaningfully set" at
Torgerson's districtcourtarraignment, andthat thedistrict court had considered thesame
facts that were then before the superior court.
The superior court denied Torgerson's proposal. The court stated that it
was considering "pretty much the same issue" as was before the district court judge. The
court made one case-specific finding - that the fact that Torgerson was four years older
than he was at the time of the offense made him better able to leave the jurisdiction.
Ultimately, the court concluded, "Given my understanding of what the situation was
before Judge Chung, I agree that bail was appropriately set."
Why we remand Torgerson's case for a new bail review hearing
Alaska Statute 12.30.006(c) sets out the right to a first bail hearing:
A person who remains in custody 48 hours after appearing
before a judicial officer because of inability to meet the
conditions of release shall, upon application, be entitled to
have the conditions reviewed by the judicial officer who
imposed them. If the judicial officer who imposed the
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conditions of release is not available, any judicial officer in
the judicial district may review the conditions.
We have previously construed a prior version of this statute, with similar language -
former AS 12.30.020(f) (pre-July 1, 2010 version) - to require an independent
1
assessment of bail conditions at a defendant's first bail hearing.
We now re-affirm that,
at a first bail review hearing, a judicial officer is required to assess a defendant's
conditions of release anew.
The requirement of an independent review is reinforced by the statutory
subsection immediately following AS 12.30.006(c). Under AS 12.30.006(d)(1), with a
few noted exceptions, a defendant who remains in custody after a first bail review
hearing is generally entitled to a second or subsequent bail review hearing only if the
defendant provides "new information" to the court not previously considered at the first
bail hearing. When subsections (c) and (d) are read together, it is clear that a defendant
need not present any "new" information at the first bail review hearing under
AS 12.30.006(c) - that is, the defendant need not present any information that was not
previously known at the time of the defendant's first appearance. Instead, at a first bail
hearing, a defendant who remains in custody is "entitled" to have the conditions
2
reviewed by a judicial officer.
Additionally, AS 12.30.006(f) requires a judicial officer to "issue written
or oral findings that explain the reasons the officer imposed the particular conditions of
release or modifications or additions to conditions previously imposed." This provision
precludes a court from simply relying on, or deferring to, findings made at an earlier
hearing when bail was initially set.
1 See Mayberry v. State, Court of Appeals File No. A-10717 (Order dated Apr. 12,
2010), at 2-3.
2 See AS 12.30.006(c).
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A defendant's entitlement to an independent judicial assessment of bail
conditions at the defendant's first bail review hearing rests on important constitutional
and policy concerns. The right to bail is guaranteed by article I, section 11 of the Alaska
Constitution, whichprovides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions,"theaccused is "entitled
. . . to be released on bail, except for capital offenses when the proof is evident or the
presumption great." While the Alaska Supreme Court has declared that a criminal
defendant is not necessarily entitled to bail in an amount the defendant can post, a judge
may not set bail in an amount that goes beyond that which is necessary to fulfill the
purposes of bail - i.e., to reasonably assure the defendant's appearance and the safety
3
of the alleged victim, other persons, and the community.
Many, if not most, criminal defendants are represented by public counsel
4
At the time of the
- counsel that is first appointed at the defendant's arraignment.
appointment, an attorney from the appointed agency may not be present to assist the
defendant. If an attorney is present, that attorney will generally have only a few
moments in court to consult with theagency's newclient and glean whatever information
the attorney can to present to the judge who sets the defendant's initial bail conditions.
There is no opportunity for a complete and private consultation with the client, and no
ability to independently explore or confirm possible bail release plans.
The requirement that judges conduct an independent assessment of a
defendant's conditions of release at the first bail review hearing affords defendants a
3 See Alaska Const. art. I, § 12 (prohibiting excessive bail); Hamburg v. State, 434 P.3d
1165, 1165 (Alaska App. 2018) (citing Martin v. State , 517 P.2d 1389, 1393-95 (Alaska
1974)); see also former AS 12.30.011(b) (2015) & AS 12.30.011(h) (requiring the court to
set "least restrictive" condition or conditions that will reasonably assure the person's
appearance and the safety of the community).
4 See AS 18.85.100(a).
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meaningful opportunity to consult with their attorney and gather any necessary
information relevant to the bail decision. It also allows the court an opportunity to
explain its bail decision, in order to help foster understanding of the decision by the
defendant and the public, and to allow for meaningful appellate review. 5
Accordingly, we conclude that at a defendant's first bail review hearing, a
court is required to conduct an independent assessment of the defendant's conditions of
release. The court may not simply defer to the bail conditions imposed at a defendant's
first court appearance.
Here, it appears that the superior court did not conduct the required
independent assessment of Torgerson's bail conditions. The court repeatedly referred
to the bail set by the district court judge at Torgerson's first appearance, and noted
specifically that it was facing the "same issue" as was before the district court. While the
court ultimately found that bail was "appropriately set," this conclusion was couched
within the context of the earlier hearing: "Given my understanding of what the situation
was before Judge Chung, I agree that bail was appropriately set."
The court's failure to set forth any explanation for why the particular bail
conditions were the least restrictive necessary to reasonably assure Torgerson's
appearance or the safety of the alleged victim or the community, as required by
AS 12.30.006(f), reinforces the notion that the court did not conduct an independent
review.
5 See Pisano v. State , Court of Appeals File No. A-13289 (Order dated Jan. 16, 2019),
at 7 (noting that a sufficient explanation of why a particular monetary bail is necessary in a
given case is required for meaningful appellate review); Pisano v. State, Court of Appeals
File No. A-13089 (Order dated May 24, 2018), at 5 (noting that deferential review of a trial
court's decision to impose a particular bail presupposes that the trial court has demonstrably
considered relevant factors and has provided a sufficient explanation of why the particular
bail conditions were imposed).
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Indeed, we note that, at one point during the hearing, the superior court
appeared to question the need for the high monetary bail given Torgerson's willingness
to submit to house arrest with electronic monitoring. But once the court realized that the
electronic monitoring condition was part of the original bail set by the district court (and
was not a new condition proposed by Torgerson at the bail hearing), the court
"reassessed the entire bail package that was put to Judge Chung," and the court declined
to modify the bail set by the district court.
Because the superior court was required to independently assess
Torgerson's conditions of release, and because we are unable to say that Torgerson
received the hearing to which he was entitled, we remand Torgerson's case to the
superior court so that the court can conduct this independent review.
On remand, the court should independently assess the bail conditions as a
whole and explain why the monetary bail imposed is the least restrictive that will
reasonably assure Torgerson's appearance and the safety of the alleged victim and the
6
community, in light of the other protective measures in place.
The court should not
calibrate its choice of monetary bail by reference to the amount set at Torgerson's first
7
appearance, or require Torgerson to justify a downward deviation from that number.
Conclusion
For the reasons explained here, we VACATE the bail order issued by the
superior court and REMAND Torgerson's case to the superior court for an independent
6 Former AS 12.30.011(b) (2015); AS 12.30.011(h).
7 See Pisano v. State, Court of Appeals File No. A-13289 (Order dated Jan. 16, 2019),
at 6-7; Pisano v. State, Court of Appeals File No. A-13089 (Order dated May 24, 2018), at
7-8.
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assessment of Torgerson's bail proposal, in light of the guidance provided here.
We do not retain jurisdiction.
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