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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
NORMAN WASSILIE,
Court of Appeals No. A-11654
Appellant, Trial Court No. 4BE-11-229 CI
v.
O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,
Appellee. No. 2423 - August 1, 2014
Appeal from the Superior Court, Fourth Judicial District, Bethel,
Charles W. Ray, Jr., Judge.
Appearances: Norman Wassilie, in propria persona, Kenai, for
the Appellant. Nancy R. Simel, Assistant Attorney General,
Office of Special Prosecutions and Appeals, Anchorage, and
Michael C. Geraghty, Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appel-
lee. Tracey Wollenberg, Deputy Public Defender, and Quinlan
Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage, appearing as amicus
curiae. Beth Goldstein, Deputy Public Advocate, and Richard
Allen, Public Advocate, Anchorage, appearing as amicus curiae.
Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, Allard, Judge, and Hanley,
District Court Judge. *
Judge MANNHEIMER.
* Sitting by assignment made pursuant to Article IV, Section 16 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 24(d).
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Norman Wassilie litigated a petition for post-conviction relief in the
superior court. He was initially represented by an attorney from the Public Defender
Agency. But after the assistant public defender investigated Wassilie's case, he filed a
certificate of "no arguable merit" under Alaska Criminal Rule 35.1(e)(2). In other
words, Wassilie's attorney told the superior court that, after investigating Wassilie's
potential claims for post-conviction relief, the attorney concluded that Wassilie had no
colorable claims to raise, and that the court should dismiss Wassilie's petition.
The superior court gave Wassilie an opportunity to respond to his attorney's
certificate of no arguable merit, but Wassilie did not file a response. Pursuant to
Criminal Rule 35.1(f)(2), the superior court then dismissed Wassilie's petition and
allowed the Public Defender Agency to withdraw from further representation of
Wassilie.
After the superior court dismissed his case, Wassilie sent a personal letter
to the Alaska Supreme Court, questioning the validity of the superior court's action. The
Appellate Court Clerk's Office brought Wassilie's letter to this Court's attention, since it
pertained to post-conviction relief litigation, a matter within this Court's jurisdiction.
See AS 22.07.020(a)(2).
This Court concluded that Wassilie's letter amounted to a notice of appeal.
We then issued an order asking the State, the Public Defender Agency, and the Office
of Public Advocacy to file legal memoranda addressing the following questions:
1. When an attorney representing an indigent
defendant in a post-conviction relief action is allowed to
withdraw after filing a certificate of no arguable merit, does
the attorney nevertheless have a continuing obligation to
ascertain whether the defendant wishes to appeal the court's
dismissal of the petition - and an obligation to file the initial
appellate documents if the defendant wishes to pursue an
appeal?
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2. When an indigent defendant's petition for post-
conviction relief has been dismissed after their attorney filed
a certificate of no arguable merit, and the defendant (or an
attorney on the defendant's behalf) initiates an appeal, does
the defendant have the right to counsel at public expense to
assist them in pursuing the appeal?
3. If so, which agency should provide the attorney?
The three criminal justice agencies have filed their memoranda, so we now
turn to the merits of these three questions.
Even after the superior court dismissed Wassilie's petition and allowed
Wassilie's attorney to withdraw pursuant to Criminal Rule 35.1(f)(2), the
attorney had a remaining obligation to ascertain whether Wassilie wished
to appeal - and, if so, to initiate an appeal on his behalf
Alaska Criminal Rule 35.1 specifies the procedures that govern post-
conviction relief litigation. Subsection (e) of this rule contains special provisions that
apply to attorneys who are appointed to represent indigent defendants.
Under Criminal Rule 35.1(e), a court-appointed attorney has 60 days to
either (1) tell the trial court what specific claims the defendant will pursue, or (2) file a
certificate stating that the attorney has fully investigated the defendant's case and has
concluded that there is no arguable merit to any claims the defendant might raise.
The next subsection of Criminal Rule 35.1 - subsection (f) - specifies
what a trial court must do if the defendant's court-appointed attorney files a "no arguable
merit" certificate. Under subsection (f), the trial court must independently evaluate the
attorney's assertion that there are no colorable claims to be raised. If the court believes
that the attorney's assessment is correct, the court must notify the prosecutor and the
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defendant (personally) that the court intends to dismiss the defendant's petition unless
either the State or the defendant shows some good reason not to do so.
The court must then give the State and the defendant an opportunity to
respond to the proposed dismissal of the case. Rule 35.1(f)(2) specifies that if the
defendant files no response, or if the defendant files a response that does not alter the
court's assessment, "the court shall permit [the defendant's court-appointed] counsel to
withdraw and [shall] order the [defendant's] application dismissed."
This is what happened in Wassilie's case: Wassilie's court-appointed
attorney filed a certificate of "no arguable merit" under Criminal Rule 35.1(e), and the
judge assigned to the case announced to the parties that he tentatively concurred in the
attorney's assessment. The judge then gave Wassilie a chance to respond, but Wassilie
filed no response. Accordingly, pursuant to Criminal Rule 35.1(f)(2), the judge
dismissed Wassilie's petition for post-conviction relief and allowed Wassilie's assistant
public defender to withdraw.
As shown by Wassilie's subsequent letter to the supreme court, Wassilie
wished to challenge the superior court's dismissal of his case. The question, then, is
whether Wassilie's assistant public defender had some remaining obligation (even
though the superior court had already allowed the attorney to withdraw) to ascertain
Wassilie's desires regarding a potential appeal, and to take the steps necessary to
preserve Wassilie's right of appeal if that is what Wassilie wished to do.
We conclude that the answer to this question is "yes". This answer was
foreshadowed by our decision in Harvey v. State , 285 P.3d 295 (Alaska App. 2012).
Harvey involved the situation where a criminal defendant hired a lawyer
to represent him in the trial proceedings, but the lawyer and the defendant explicitly
agreed that the lawyer's representation would not include any appeal. 1
Although the
1 Harvey , 285 P.3d at 298.
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precise facts of the case were in dispute, the record showed that, after the defendant was
sentenced, the attorney either refused the defendant's request to file an appeal or,
alternatively, declined to discuss any potential appeal (other than perhaps telling the
defendant that, if he wanted to appeal, he should contact the Public Defender
Agency). 2
We held that, under either scenario, the attorney breached his obligation to
the defendant. Specifically, we held that even though the attorney had only agreed to
represent the defendant in the trial court, this obligation included (as a matter of law) the
further duty to protect the defendant's right of appeal - by filing a notice of appeal, or
by filing a motion to extend the time for filing a notice of appeal - if (1) the defendant
indicated a desire to appeal or (2) the attorney knew or reasonably should have known
that a reasonable person in the defendant's position would want to appeal:
[T]he filing of an appeal - i.e., the filing of a notice
of appeal, or the filing of a motion to extend the time for
filing an appeal, so that a client's right of appeal is preserved
- is part of a trial attorney's duties if the attorney is aware
that the client might want to appeal, and that the client will
otherwise not be able to obtain and consult with substitute
counsel before the filing deadline.
3
Harvey , 285 P.3d at 302.
We reached this conclusion primarily because we recognized that a
convicted defendant "needs effective representation and advice in the relatively short
period immediately following conviction, when the decision whether to appeal must be
made" - and because it is often impossible or impracticable for the defendant to obtain
2 Id. at 300-01.
3 See also id. at 297 & 305-06.
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substitute counsel, and to meaningfully consult with the new attorney, within this short
4
time frame. Id. at 304.
It is true that Harvey dealt with a defendant in a criminal proceeding, while
Wassilie's appeal arises from a post-conviction relief proceeding. Moreover, in Harvey ,
the attorney's obligation toward the defendant was ending because of a contractual
provision (a clause in the attorney's retainer agreement) - while in Wassilie's case, the
attorney's obligation toward Wassilie was ending because, pursuant to Criminal Rule
35.1(f)(2), the superior court expressly allowed the attorney to withdraw.
But these distinctions do not call for a different result. We note that Alaska
Professional Conduct Rule 1.16 - the rule that governs all terminations of an attorney's
representation of a client - repeatedly enjoins attorneys to end the attorney-client
relationship in a manner that, to the extent reasonably possible, preserves the client's
rights.
Specifically, paragraph (b) of Professional Conduct Rule 1.16 declares that
"a lawyer may withdraw from representing a client if ... [the] withdrawal can be
accomplished without material adverse effect on the interests of the client[.]" This
concept is reiterated in paragraph (d) of the rule, which speaks of an attorney's
continuing duty when the attorney-client relationship has ended: "Upon termination of
[the attorney's] representation, a lawyer shall take steps to the extent reasonably
practicable to protect a client's interests[.]"
In Wassilie's case, even though the superior court had released the Public
Defender Agency from further representation of Wassilie, Wassilie's attorney had a
continuing duty to make sure that, if Wassilie wished to appeal the superior court's
dismissal of his petition for post-conviction relief, Wassilie's right of appeal would be
4 Citing the Commentary to the American Bar Association's Defense Function
Standard 4-8.2.
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----------------------- Page 7-----------------------
preserved. Given the circumstances (i.e., Wassilie's desire to appeal), this meant that the
attorney had a duty to either file a notice of appeal or, at least, file a motion to extend the
time for filing an appeal.
(Conceivably, an attorney in this situation might fulfill this duty by having
the court promptly appoint another attorney to file the appeal. But given the relatively
short time available to file the initial appeal documents, this approach might not be
practicable.)
In its memorandum to this Court, the Office of Public Advocacy suggests
that a trial judge who has decided to allow an attorney to withdraw under Criminal Rule
35.1(f)(2) might condition the withdrawal on the attorney's fulfillment of the duties we
have described here: (1) to ascertain the defendant's wishes with respect to an appeal
and, if the defendant wishes to appeal, (2) to file the appeal or at least a motion to extend
the time for filing an appeal. Although the attorney is under these duties regardless of
whether the trial judge mentions them, we agree that this would be a good practice.
Wassilie has the right to counsel at public expense to assist him in pursuing
this appeal
We now turn to the second question presented in this case.
Wassilie is an indigent defendant whose first petition for post-conviction
relief was dismissed by the trial court, and whose post-conviction relief attorney was
allowed to withdraw after the attorney filed a certificate of no arguable merit under
Criminal Rule 35.1(e)(2). When a defendant in Wassilie's situation wishes to appeal the
trial court's dismissal of their petition for post-conviction relief, does the defendant have
the right to counsel at public expense to assist them in pursuing the appeal?
We begin by noting that, under the Alaska Constitution, defendants who
litigate a first petition for post-conviction relief have the right to the assistance of
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competent counsel. Grinols v. State, 74 P.3d 889, 894-95 (Alaska 2003). And under
AS 18.85.100(c) (a portion of the statute defining the Public Defender Agency's
authority to represent indigent litigants), if the defendant is indigent, the defendant is
entitled to have counsel appointed at public expense.
Normally, if an indigent defendant is entitled to court-appointed counsel
when litigating a petition for post-conviction relief in the trial court, the defendant is also
entitled to court-appointed counsel in any appeal from the trial court's decision (whether
by the defendant or by the State). AS 18.85.100(c) does contain a restriction on the right
to court-appointed counsel in appellate proceedings arising from post-conviction relief
litigation, but this restriction applies only to certain forms of discretionary appellate
review after an appellate court has decided the appeal. 5
But Wassilie's situation is arguably different, because the superior court
allowed his court-appointed attorney to withdraw at the close of the trial court
proceedings under the provisions of Criminal Rule 35.1(e)(2) and (f)(2).
As we have explained, this means (1) that the attorney, after investigating
Wassilie's case, filed a certificate declaring that Wassilie had no claims for post-
conviction relief that had any arguable merit, and (2) that the superior court, after
reviewing the attorney's certificate and allowing Wassilie to respond, concurred in the
attorney's assessment that Wassilie's post-conviction relief litigation was frivolous.
In the previous section of this opinion, we held that even when the trial
court allows a defendant's attorney to withdraw pursuant to Rule 35.1(f)(2), the attorney
5 AS 18.85.100(c)(2) provides that "[a]n indigent person is entitled to representation
[at public expense] for purposes of bringing a timely application for post-conviction relief
... [except] for purposes of bringing ... a petition for review or certiorari from an appellate
court ruling on an application for post-conviction relief[.]"
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----------------------- Page 9-----------------------
still owes certain final duties to the defendant: the obligation to ascertain whether the
defendant wishes to appeal and, if so, the obligation to initiate appellate proceedings.
But these final obligations are components of the attorney's duty as the
defendant's representative in the trial court - analogous to the duty we recognized in
Harvey v. State for trial attorneys who represent defendants in criminal prosecutions.
The question before us now is whether, once the defendant's trial attorney has been
allowed to withdraw pursuant to Criminal Rule 35.1(f)(2) and has fulfilled these final
duties, the defendant has any further right to legal representation at public expense -
in particular, the right to court-appointed counsel to assist the defendant in appealing the
trial court's dismissal of their petition for post-conviction relief.
To answer this question, we must examine the reason why a trial court is
authorized to let an attorney withdraw under Criminal Rule 35.1(f)(2) - i.e., after the
attorney has filed a certificate of no arguable merit, and after the trial court has
independently concurred in the attorney's assessment of the defendant's case.
The first rationale for allowing the attorney to withdraw in these
circumstances is the fact that the attorney has taken a position directly adverse to their
client's interests and has succeeded in convincing the trial court to dismiss their client's
lawsuit against the client's wishes. This is certainly an adequate ground for allowing the
attorney to withdraw from further representation of the client, but it has no relevance to
the issue of whether the client is entitled to representation by some other attorney if the
client pursues an appeal.
The second rationale for allowing the attorney to withdraw in these
circumstances is the trial court's finding that the litigation is frivolous - i.e., that the
defendant has no claims that have any arguable merit. As this Court recognized in
Griffin v. State, 18 P.3d 71 (Alaska App. 2001), the Alaska Legislature enacted Criminal
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----------------------- Page 10-----------------------
Rule 35.1(e)(2) to advance a valid public purpose - "to curb the litigation of frivolous
post-conviction relief applications at public expense." 6
In Griffin, we construed Criminal Rules 35.1(e)(2) and (f)(2) as establishing
a two-tier process that must be satisfied before a trial court can dismiss a petition for
post-conviction relief on the ground that it is frivolous. First, the defendant's attorney
must provide a detailed and complete explanation of why the attorney has concluded that
7
the defendant has no colorable claim for relief;
and second, the trial court (after
allowing the defendant to respond) must independently review and concur in the
8
attorney's assessment.
We held in Griffin that this two-tier process is sufficient to satisfy the
defendant's constitutional right to the zealous and competent assistance of counsel,
as defined by the United States Supreme Court in Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 120
S.Ct. 746, 145 L.Ed.2d 756 (2000). 9
And in Grinols v. State, 10 P.3d 600 (Alaska App.
2000), this Court acknowledged the government's authority to place limits on a
defendant's right to legal representation at public expense. Id. at 623.
One could therefore argue that, once a trial court determines that a
defendant's petition for post-conviction relief is frivolous, and the court allows the
defendant's court-appointed attorney to withdraw under Criminal Rule 35.1(f)(2), the
government need not provide the defendant with counsel at public expense to pursue an
appeal.
6 Griffin, 18 P.3d at 72.
7 Id. at 77.
8 Id. at 76.
9 Id. at 77.
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But this argument implicitly rests on the premise that the trial court's
decision was correct - the assumption that the attorney's certificate of no arguable merit
satisfied the Griffin requirement of a complete and detailed description of the defendant's
potential claims, and the further assumption that the trial court correctly analyzed the
situation when it ratified the attorney's assertion that all of the defendant's potential
claims for post-conviction relief were indeed frivolous.
The whole point of an appeal is to put these assumptions to the test. As this
Court observed in Grinols, 10 P.3d at 622, "The guarantee of equal protection of the law
requires that ... indigents have an adequate opportunity to present their claims fairly
within the adversary system." 10
Until the assumptions listed in the preceding paragraph
are tested in the appellate arena, we can not say with certainty that the trial court was
correct when it characterized the defendant's post-conviction relief litigation as wholly
frivolous.
The truth of this principle is amply confirmed by the post-conviction relief
litigation that has reached this Court since we issued our decision in Griffin. We have
repeatedly reversed trial court dismissals of post-conviction relief litigation under
Criminal Rule 35.1(f)(2) - either because the defendant's attorney failed to provide the
trial court with a complete and detailed explanation of the defendant's potential
claims, 11
or because the trial court failed to conduct an adequate independent review of
10 Quoting Ross v. Moffitt , 417 U.S. 600, 612; 94 S.Ct. 2437, 2444-45; 41 L.Ed.2d
341 (1974).
11 See Beshaw v. State , unpublished, 2012 WL 1368146, *6 (Alaska App. 2012);
Duncan v. State , unpublished, 2008 WL 5025424, *3-4 (Alaska App. 2008); Nelson v. State ,
unpublished, 2005 WL 2373454, *1 (Alaska App. 2008); One v. State, 127 P.3d 853, 856
(Alaska App. 2006); Black v. State , unpublished, 2004 WL 2914986, *2 (Alaska App.
2004); Goldsbury v. State, 93 P.3d 468, 470-71 (Alaska App. 2004); Tazruk v. State, 67 P.3d
687, 692 (Alaska App. 2003).
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----------------------- Page 12-----------------------
the attorney's certificate, 12 or because the court mistakenly concluded that all of the
13
claims described by the attorney were in fact frivolous.
In other words, even when a trial court has dismissed a petition for post-
conviction relief on the ground that it is wholly frivolous, this is not a guarantee that the
petition is indeed frivolous. The defendant is entitled to challenge the trial court's
decision on appeal - and, if the defendant pursues an appeal, the trial court's
characterization of the litigation as frivolous remains tentative until the appeal is decided.
For this reason, the normal rule with respect to court-appointed counsel
continues to apply: the defendant is entitled to counsel at public expense to assist them
in appealing the trial court's dismissal of their petition for post-conviction relief.
We addressed this same issue (in a slightly different guise) in Alex v. State ,
210 P.3d 1225 (Alaska App. 2009).
Alex involved the clause of the Public Defender Agency's authorization
statute, AS 18.85.100(c)(1), that prohibits the Agency from representing a defendant who
is pursuing an untimely petition for post-conviction relief. In Alex , the trial court
dismissed the defendant's petition after concluding that the petition was untimely. The
question was whether the trial court's ruling effectively barred the Public Defender
Agency from continuing to represent the defendant on appeal.
We held that when a defendant wishes to challenge the trial court's
conclusion that their petition for post-conviction relief was untimely, the defendant's
petition can not properly be characterized as "untimely" for purposes of
AS 18.85.100(c)(1) until that claim is resolved against the defendant on appeal. Thus,
12 See Frank v. State , unpublished, 2008 WL 3540508, *1 (Alaska App. 2008).
13 See Vizcarra-Medina v. State, 195 P.3d 1095, 1099-1100 (Alaska App. 2008).
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----------------------- Page 13-----------------------
a defendant remains entitled to counsel at public expense to assist them in litigating this
issue on appeal. Alex , 210 P.3d at 1228-29.
This same rule applies to Wassilie and other defendants in his situation.
Wassilie is entitled to counsel at public expense to assist him in appealing the superior
court's ruling that his petition for post-conviction relief is frivolous.
Which agency should provide Wassilie's attorney?
The remaining question is to identify the agency responsible for providing
an attorney to assist Wassilie on appeal.
As we have explained, Wassilie is an indigent defendant who is entitled to
the assistance of an attorney at public expense. This attorney normally would be
provided by the Public Defender Agency.
But Wassilie was represented by the Public Defender Agency in the trial
court, and his assistant public defender filed a certificate of no arguable merit. Based on
the contents of this certificate, the superior court dismissed Wassilie's petition for post-
conviction relief on the ground that it was frivolous - i.e., that Wassilie had no arguable
claims for relief.
On appeal, Wassilie must challenge either the contents of his attorney's
certificate, or the superior court's concurrence in his attorney's conclusions, or both.
Given this situation, the Public Defender Agency can not represent him in this appeal.
This means that the duty of providing an attorney for Wassilie falls to the Office of
Public Advocacy under AS 44.21.410(a)(5) - the statute that directs the Office of
Public Advocacy to "provide legal representation ... in cases involving indigent persons
who are entitled to representation under AS 18.85.100 and who cannot be represented
by the [P]ublic [D]efender [A]gency because of a conflict of interests".
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Conclusion
The Office of Public Advocacy is directed to provide an attorney to assist
Wassilie in this appeal within 15 days of the issuance of this opinion. That attorney shall
promptly file an entry of appearance in this Court.
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