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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
LEIGH F. SELIG,
Court of Appeals No. A-10777
Appellant, Trial Court No. 4FA-09-578 Cr
v.
O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,
Appellee. No. 2374 - September 14, 2012
Appeal from the District Court, Fourth Judicial District,
Fairbanks, Jane F. Kauvar, Judge.
Appearances: Jason A. Gazewood, Gazewood & Weiner,
Fairbanks, for the Appellant. William A. Spiers, Assistant
District Attorney, Fairbanks, and John J. Burns, Attorney
General, Juneau, for the Appellee.
Before: Coats, Chief Judge, and Mannheimer and Bolger,
Judges.
MANNHEIMER, Judge.
Leigh F. Selig was arrested for driving under the influence, after he caused
a four-vehicle collision. Selig was taken to the trooper station, where he was asked to
submit to a breath test. The breath test showed that Selig had a blood alcohol level of
.181 percent, over twice the legal limit. Selig then exercised his right to an independent
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blood test. This second test yielded essentially the same result: according to the blood
test, Selig's blood alcohol level was .182 percent.
After Selig was formally charged with driving under the influence, he asked
the district court to suppress the results of both the breath test and the blood test, as well
as all other evidence gathered during his DUI processing, on the basis that the troopers
did not make an audio recording of the DUI processing.
Selig noted that in Stephan v. State, 711 P.2d 1156, 1159 (Alaska 1985),
the Alaska Supreme Court held that the police are required to record every custodial
interrogation that occurs at a police station (or any other place of detention) if recording
is feasible. Selig argued that the Stephan rule should be expanded to cover any DUI
processing at a police station, even if the police do not interrogate the arrestee during the
processing. He contended that, without a recording of the DUI processing, "it [was]
impossible for Mr. Selig or his counsel to determine what happened [during the]
processing" - thus leaving open the possibility that the trooper did not properly advise
Selig of his right to consult an attorney, or did not properly explain Selig's right to an
independent blood test.
District Court Judge Jane F. Kauvar held a hearing to investigate this
matter. Based on the evidence presented at that hearing (in particular, evidence that the
trooper's audio recorder was malfunctioning in the days preceding Selig's arrest), Judge
Kauvar concluded that the trooper's failure to record his interactions with Selig at the
trooper station was perhaps understandable, but not necessarily excusable. However,
Judge Kauvar found that the trooper had not violated the Stephan rule - because, even
though the DUI processing was not recorded, the trooper did not interrogate Selig during
the DUI processing.
(The judge also noted that, in any event, Selig had not filed a motion
seeking suppression of any statements he made during the DUI processing.)
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With respect to Selig's contention that a recording of the DUI processing
would show whether the trooper waited the mandated 15-minute observation period
before administering the breath test, Judge Kauvar pointed out that the length of the DUI
processing could be determined by comparing the trooper's time of arrival at the station
(which was recorded in the dispatch log notes) and the time of the breath test itself
(which is recorded by the Datamaster machine). Judge Kauvar also noted that Selig's
attorney had not questioned the trooper about this issue (i.e., the adequacy of the
observation period) when the trooper testified at the evidentiary hearing. Finally, Judge
Kauvar noted that Selig's attorney had not affirmatively argued that the observation
period in Selig's case was inadequate.
With respect to Selig's contention that the trooper might not have advised
him of his right to consult an attorney before deciding whether to take the breath test,
Selig took the stand at the evidentiary hearing and testified that he had no memory of any
conversation with the trooper about his right to call an attorney for advice during the
DUI processing. Judge Kauvar concluded that Selig had no memory of any conversation
on this topic because there had probably been no such conversation.
Judge Kauvar noted that Alaska law does not require officers to
affirmatively advise DUI arrestees of their right to consult an attorney before deciding
whether to take the breath test. Rather, the officer's duty is only to honor an arrestee's
request to contact an attorney if the arrestee makes this request. 1 And Judge Kauvar
concluded that Selig would have remembered if he had affirmatively asked the trooper
1 See Annas v. State , 726 P.2d 552, 560 (Alaska App. 1986); Van Wormer v. State, 699
P.2d 895, 897-98 (Alaska App. 1985), overruled on other grounds by Zsupnik v. State , 789
P.2d 357 (Alaska 1990) (a DUI arrestee must request the opportunity to consult with
counsel); Anchorage v. Erickson , 690 P.2d 20, 21 (Alaska App. 1984) (a defendant forfeits
the right to consult an attorney before taking the breath test if the defendant does not request
the opportunity to speak with an attorney prior to taking or refusing the breath test).
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for an opportunity to call an attorney, and the trooper had refused. In other words, Judge
Kauvar found that Selig had not affirmatively requested the opportunity to contact an
attorney before taking the breath test.
With respect to whether Selig was properly advised of his right to an
independent blood test (to check the results of the breath test), Judge Kauvar noted that
even though Selig apparently declined the test at first, he ultimately did exercise his right
to an independent blood test. (This blood test showed that Selig had a blood alcohol
level of .182 percent - essentially the same as Selig's breath test result of .181 percent.)
Based on these findings, Judge Kauvar denied Selig's suppression motion.
She ruled that Alaska law does not require the police to record DUI processings (unless
custodial interrogation takes place), and she alternatively ruled that, in any event, Selig
had failed to show how he might have been prejudiced by the lack of a recording.
The lack of a recording came up again at Selig's trial. Selig's attorney
asked the trial judge to instruct the jury that, because the trooper failed to record his
interactions with Selig during the DUI processing, the jury should presume that all of the
information that would have been on the recording - presumably, all the events of the
DUI processing, and all statements made during that processing - would support Selig's
claim that he was not guilty. The trial judge declined to give this proposed jury
instruction.
In this appeal, Selig renews his argument that all of the evidence obtained
during his DUI processing should be suppressed because the troopers failed to record the
DUI processing. Alternatively, Selig argues that he should be granted a new trial, and
that the jurors at this new trial should be instructed to presume that all the unrecorded
events of the DUI processing would support Selig's innocence.
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The trooper's failure to record the DUI processing
In Stephan v. State, 711 P.2d 1156, 1159 (Alaska 1985), the Alaska
Supreme Court held that the due process clause of our state constitution requires the
police to make an audio recording, whenever feasible, of all custodial interrogations that
occur in a place of detention (for example, police stations). Selig asks this Court to
extend the Stephan recording requirement so that it governs not only custodial
interrogations conducted at a police station but also all DUI processings, even when no
interrogation occurs during the processing.
Obviously, many DUI processings do involve some amount of custodial
interrogation, and that aspect of the processing is already covered by the Stephan rule.
But Selig asks us to extend Stephan to all aspects of the DUI processing, including the
interaction leading up to the arrestee's decision whether to take the breath test, the
interaction preceding the arrestee's decision whether to request an independent blood
test, and all other non-interrogation aspects of the officer's interaction with the arrestee.
In his brief to this Court, Selig argues that a recording of the DUI
processing is needed to verify various aspects of the police's dealings with the arrestee
- in particular, to determine (1) whether the police properly advised the arrestee
concerning the breath test, (2) whether the police honored any request the arrestee might
have made to consult an attorney before deciding whether to take the breath test, and
(3) whether the police properly advised the arrestee concerning the arrestee's right to an
independent blood test.
In addition, Selig argues that a recording is needed to verify that the police
observed the arrestee for the mandated 15 minutes before administering the breath test.
Any or all of these issues may be important, and may be actively disputed,
in a prosecution for DUI or breath-test refusal. And when there is a dispute concerning
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these issues, the availability of an audio or video recording of the DUI processing would
generally aid the fact-finder (whether judge or jury) in resolving the dispute. But this,
by itself, is not a sufficient basis for extending the Stephan rule to DUI processings -
i.e., for holding that the due process clause of the Alaska Constitution requires the police
to record DUI processings whenever feasible.
Traditionally, in our legal system, factual disputes are resolved by having
the parties present their witnesses, and then having the opposing parties subject those
witnesses to cross-examination and other forms of impeachment. The Stephan
requirement that conversations and events be recorded, as an advance precaution against
potential factual disputes in the future, is a departure from this traditional rule.
As we noted in Shindle v. State, the special recording requirement
announced in Stephan was the result of "a careful balancing of competing interests". 2
Our supreme court imposed the recording requirement, and the concomitant rule that
unrecorded statements would normally be suppressed, because the court perceived "a
systemic problem" arising from the fact that law enforcement agencies and lower courts
had repeatedly failed to give due regard to the supreme court's admonitions concerning
the need to record custodial interviews. Stephan, 711 P.2d at 1163. 3 That is, police
agencies and courts had repeatedly failed to give due regard to "[t]he need to insure that
the voluntariness of a [suspect's] confession can be confirmed by reference to an
accurate and complete record". Id. at 1160.
As we noted in Shindle, the purpose of the Stephan rule was not to have the
police record all aspects of their investigative efforts whenever feasible. Rather, the
Stephan rule had a more narrow focus: "assuring that confessions are voluntarily made":
2 731 P.2d 582, 585 (Alaska App. 1987).
3 Referring to Mallott v. State , 608 P.2d 737 (Alaska 1980).
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While the court in Stephan did not expressly limit the
[recording] rule ... to cases involving the voluntariness of a
confession, the court's discussion makes it clear that the
court's primary concern was with the problem of involuntary
confessions and ... related fifth and sixth amendment
violations[.]
Shindle, 731 P.2d at 584.
As our Shindle decision explains, the Stephan court focused on the problem
of involuntary confessions because, unlike violations of the Fourth Amendment,
violations of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments may result in involuntary confessions, and
the introduction of an involuntary confession will undermine the integrity of the verdict
at trial. In contrast, "[c]laims based solely on ... violations of fourth amendment rights
do not call into question the accuracy of the ... verdict ... [or] the integrity of the
fact[-]finding process." Shindle, 731 P.2d at 585.
See Moreau v. State , 588 P.2d 275, 279-80 (Alaska 1978), where the
supreme court relied on this same rationale when holding that search and seizure claims
ordinarily can not be raised for the first time on appeal, even if the trial court record
clearly reveals a ground for suppression of the evidence. The supreme court reached this
result because, even when evidence is obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment,
the evidence remains reliable, and thus Fourth Amendment errors do not affect the
fundamental fairness of the fact-finding process.
(See also Elson v. State , 633 P.2d 292, 300 (Alaska App. 1981), where this
Court held that, in most circumstances, evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth
Amendment can be offered at sentencing - again, because the evidence remains
reliable, even though it was unlawfully obtained.)
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Criminal litigation certainly presents many important factual disputes apart
from the voluntariness of an arrested suspect's statements to the police. But the Stephan
rule focuses on the particular problem of the voluntariness of statements made during
custodial interrogation (and only if the custodial interrogation occurs in a place of
detention). Stephan 's due process rationale is not applicable to situations where reliable
evidence is obtained unlawfully - through Fourth Amendment violations or other
questionable methods.
Because of the narrow focus of the Stephan decision, this Court has
repeatedly declined to extend the recording requirement to other situations, even though
an audio or video recording might be of significant aid in resolving factual disputes, and
even though such a recording might have been feasible. In Resecker v. State , 721 P.2d
650, 653 n. 1 (Alaska App. 1986), and more recently in State v. Amend, 250 P.3d 541,
545 (Alaska App. 2011), we declined to extend the Stephan recording rule to crime scene
interrogations, even if recording equipment is available. In Swanson v. Juneau, 784 P.2d
678, 681 (Alaska App. 1989), we declined to require the police to videotape field
sobriety tests, even if videotaping is feasible. And in Shindle, 731 P.2d at 585, we
declined to require the police to record in-the-field Fourth Amendment waivers.
As a general matter, we have declined to extend Stephan to "[require] the
police to record or photograph all investigative procedures, even though there may be
a disagreement about what happened." Amend , 250 P.3d at 545. We have instead relied
on the traditional precept that "[a defendant's] right to due process is sufficiently
protected by [the defendant's] right to confront and cross-examine [the police] at trial[,]
and to offer any evidence that would impeach or contradict [their] testimony." Ibid.
With one exception (which we address in the next paragraph), there is no
dispute concerning the reliability of the evidence that Selig seeks to suppress in the
present appeal - to wit, the result of his breath test and the result of his independent
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blood test. Selig argues that, at least potentially, the police might have failed to properly
advise him concerning the breath test, or might have failed to honor his request to consult
an attorney before deciding whether to take the breath test, or might have failed to
properly advise him concerning his right to an independent blood test. But none of these
potential problems affects the reliability of the resulting evidence.
Selig does argue that a recording is needed to verify that the police
observed an arrestee for the mandated 15 minutes before administering the breath test.
The failure of the police to abide by the 15-minute observation period could potentially
put the accuracy of the test result in doubt. But as Judge Kauvar observed when she
denied Selig's suppression motion, the times recorded in the police dispatch log, coupled
with the time recorded by the Datamaster, will normally provide an independent
verification of the time elapsed between a person's arrest, their arrival at the police
station, and the administration of the breath test.
We also note that we have upheld observation periods that commenced in
the field following a defendant's arrest, before the defendant arrived at the station. 4
Thus, even if we imposed a requirement that DUI processings had to be recorded once
the arrestee arrived at the station, such recordings would not necessarily answer the
question of whether the pre-testing observation period was sufficient.
Perhaps more importantly, even though we have seen individual cases that
raised doubts concerning the types of factual issues that Selig discusses in his brief, we
have not seen the kind of systemic problems that led the supreme court to adopt the
recording requirement in Stephan . Because the Stephan rule "reflects a careful balancing
of competing interests", we have held that expansion of that rule "[should] be undertaken
cautiously, and only if the need for [the] expansion is demonstrated by experience with
4 See Gilbreath v. Anchorage, 773 P.2d 218, 221-22 (Alaska App. 1989).
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the current rule." 5 Selig does not assert that the police have been systematically ignoring
the rights of DUI arrestees, and the facts of his case do not suggest this sort of endemic
disregard.
For these reasons, we hold that the police are not required to record the
non-interrogative aspects of DUI processing.
The trial judge's refusal to give Selig's proposed jury instruction dealing
with the trooper's failure to record the DUI processing
In Thorne v. Department of Public Safety, 774 P.2d 1326, 1330-32 (Alaska
1985), the Alaska Supreme Court addressed the question of the proper remedy for
situations where the police destroy evidence that they have gathered during a criminal
investigation.
The defendant in Thorne was arrested for driving under the influence and
he was taken to jail, where he was asked to perform sobriety tests. 6 The police
videotaped Thorne's performance of these sobriety tests, but they erased and re-used the
videotape after Thorne's criminal case was resolved by a plea. 7 (Thorne pleaded no
contest to a reduced charge of negligent driving. 8 ) Thus, the videotape was no longer
available when the Department of Public Safety took administrative action against
Thorne's driver's license.
5 Shindle, 731 P.2d at 585.
6 Thorne, 774 P.2d at 1327-28.
7 Id. at 1328-29.
8 Ibid.
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The supreme court held that the police violated Thorne's right to due
process when they destroyed the videotape before the administrative proceeding was
resolved. 9 The court then considered the type of remedy that Thorne should receive:
We now address the appropriate sanction for the
state's failure to preserve the videotape. The state's good or
bad faith in failing to preserve the videotape is relevant to
determining the appropriate sanction. We look to the degree
of culpability on the part of the state, the importance of the
evidence lost, the prejudice suffered by the accused, and the
evidence of guilt adduced at the trial or hearing.
We think an appropriate sanction in this case would be
to remand the case back to the [administrative] hearing
officer with directions to presume that the videotape would
have been favorable to Thorne.
Thorne, 774 P.2d 1331 (citations omitted).
Selig argues that, because of the trooper's failure to record his DUI
processing, he was entitled to a similar jury instruction at his trial. But Selig's case
differs from Thorne in a fundamental way. Selig's case does not involve police destruc-
tion of physical evidence. Rather, it involves a failure to "collect" evidence - that is,
a failure to make a recording of visual and aural evidence.
(Alternatively, one might categorize Selig's case as presenting an instance
where the police failed to "create" evidence - in the sense that they failed to create a
recording of the DUI processing.)
The general rule is that the State has no duty to collect physical evidence,
and the State's duty to preserve evidence applies only to physical evidence that has
9 Id. at 1330-31.
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actually been gathered. 10 Thus, in normal circumstances, even though the State's
destruction of previously collected evidence might entitle a criminal defendant to the
type of favorable jury instruction discussed in Thorne, the State's failure to collect
evidence would not entitle a defendant to such an instruction.
It follows that Selig's jury instruction claim really hinges on whether the
trooper who arrested Selig violated a legal duty by failing to record Selig's DUI
processing. We have already addressed this issue in the preceding section of this
opinion, and we resolved this issue adversely to Selig. Accordingly, Selig was not
entitled to his proposed jury instruction.
Conclusion
The judgement of the district court is AFFIRMED.
10 Snyder v. State, 879 P.2d 1025, 1028 (Alaska App. 1994), reversed on other grounds,
930 P.2d 1274 (Alaska 1996); March v. State , 859 P.2d 714, 716 (Alaska App. 1993).
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